The Development of Ethnic-Racial Identity Process and Its Relation to Civic Beliefs among Latinx and Black American Adol
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EMPIRICAL RESEARCH
The Development of Ethnic-Racial Identity Process and Its Relation to Civic Beliefs among Latinx and Black American Adolescents Josefina Bañales
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Adam J. Hoffman2 Deborah Rivas-Drake3 Robert J. Jagers4 ●
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Received: 28 April 2020 / Accepted: 2 May 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Despite associations between ethnic-racial identity processes (i.e., exploration and resolution) and positive psychosocial outcomes among adolescents, limited empirical research investigates longitudinal associations between these processes and civic beliefs. To address this gap in the literature, this research explored whether changes in ethnic-racial identity exploration and resolution predicted civic beliefs among adolescents. Participants included 400 Latinx (n = 121; 47.1% girls) and Black American (n = 279; 52.0% girls) adolescents in the 6th (n = 210), 7th (n = 113) and 8th Grades (n = 74). Neither initial levels nor changes in ethnic-racial identity exploration predicted civic beliefs across four time-points of the study, or across two years of middle school. Adolescents who demonstrated greater increases in ethnic-racial identity resolution across two years of middle school were likely to have greater civic beliefs by the end of the two years, as compared to adolescents who had smaller increases in resolution. These results suggest that adolescents who have an increasingly clear sense of their ethnic-racial selves may have greater access to cognitive and socioemotional resources that promote their development of beliefs on the need to advance the well-being of their communities. Keywords Ethnic-racial identity Civic engagement Latinx youth Black youth Ethnic-racial identity exploration Ethnic-racial identity resolution ●
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Introduction The racialized nature of the United States (U.S.) has resulted in a burgeoning body of psychological research around ethnic-racial phenomena, including ethnic-racial identity development among youth of color. Ethnic-racial identity theory and empirical research suggest that ethnicracial identity is associated with positive psychosocial and behavioral outcomes among ethnically-racially diverse adolescents (Neblett et al. 2012; Umaña-Taylor et al. 2014).
* Josefina Bañales [email protected] 1
Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 210 South Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, 751 Poe Hall, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA
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Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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Ethnic-racial identity includes the beliefs and attitudes adolescents have towards their ethnic-racial groups (i.e., ethnic-racial identity content), as well as the process by which these beliefs and attitudes form (i.e., ethnic-racial identity process). Process components of exploration (i.e., the degree t
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