The Dissolution of Fe in HCl from the Ilmenite Concentrate; Evaluating the Effect of Operating Parameters and Mutual Int
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UCTION
THERE are over 20 minerals containing Ti, among which ilmenite (FeTiO3), with about 89 pct, is the most frequent one.[1,2] The Kahnooj and Ghare Aghaj mines are considered the two biggest ilmenite deposits in Iran with over 150 and 56 million tons of proven Ti, respectively. Currently, efforts are in progress to obtain various Ti products from the produced ilmenite concentrate of the Kahnooj mine. Although ilmenite is considered as a low-grade Ti source, it is regarded as the major source of Ti and relevant products.[2] Titanium, especially titanium dioxide (TiO2), has vast applications in different industries due to its unique properties, such as white pigment. In addition, it plays a significant role in different areas related to paper, ink, plastics, medicine, cosmetics and pharmaceutics, ceramic, dye synthesis solar cells (DSSCs), catalysts, batteries, SEYED HOSEIN LAVASANI, EBRAHIM AZIMI, and MEHDI NASIRI SARVI are with the Department of Mining Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran. Contact e-mail: [email protected] Manuscript submitted April 22, 2019.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B
sensors, water purification, self-cleaning coats, stainless steel coating, roofing granules, etc.[2–9] Nowadays, nanomesoporous TiO2 is largely used in DSSC industries due to its unique properties. Consequently, several studies have been conducted on the effect of operating parameters on the synthesis of these particles. Various synthesized compounds (e.g., tertrabutyl orthotitanate,[10,11] titanium isopropoxide,[12–14] and titanium sulfate[15]) are usually used as the source of Ti in the experiments (in laboratory), where natural Ti containing minerals, such as ilmenite[16–18] and leucoxene,[19] are considered as major sources for producing Ti in industry. Two different procedures are currently employed in industry for treating Ti containing minerals, subjected to the mineral type.[20] In the sulfate process,[20–23] high concentrated sulfuric acid (80 to 95 pct) at 150 C to 200 C is used leading to the production of the TiO2 pigment with anatase or rutile phase after reduction, clarification, hydrolysis, and calcination stages. Either ilmenite concentrate (45 to 65 pct TiO2) or Ti-containing slag (79 to 86 pct TiO2) can be used in this method.[20] Further, different parameters influence the process efficiency and recovery such as particle size, acid concentration, temperature, reaction time, acid-to-solid ratio, and agitating rate.[24–27]
During the chloride process,[28–30] the Ti is converted to the TiCl4 gas in the presence of chlorine gas and petroleum coke at high temperatures (over 800 C). Then, the purified TiCl4 gas is oxidized to TiO2 (pigment) by oxygen. Furthermore, it is possible to obtain the Ti in metal form when the purified TiCl4 gas is reduced by Mg. Ilmenite is not industrially considered as a preferred resource for obtaining TiO2 via the chlorine method due to the high Fe content of ilmenite, which results in consuming higher chlorine and forming iron chloride. There
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