The Ecosystems Revolution

This book explores humanity’s relationship with the natural world throughout evolutionary history, and the need to reorient this onto a symbiotic basis.  It integrates the themes of natural and artificial selection, the characteristics of historic ‘r

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Mark Everard

The Ecosystems Revolution

Mark Everard

The Ecosystems Revolution

Mark Everard University of the West of England (UWE), Bristol United Kingdom

ISBN 978-3-319-31657-4 ISBN 978-3-319-31658-1 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-31658-1

(eBook)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016942682 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland

ALSO

BY

MARK EVERARD

• Breathing Space: The Natural and Unnatural History of Air (2015) • The Hydropolitics of Dams: Engineering or Ecosystems? (2013) • Common Ground: The Sharing of Land and Landscapes for Sustainability (2011) • The Business of Biodiversity (2009) • PVC: Reaching for Sustainability (2008) • Water Meadows: Living Treasures in the English Landscape (2005)

v

CONTENTS

1

Introduction

1

2

Of This Earth

5

3

Breakthroughs in the Ascent of Humanity

19

4

Chance or Choice?

35

5

Reanimating the Landscape

55

6

A Revolutionary Journey

95

7

Co-creating the Symbiocene

Index

139 155

vii

LIST

OF

FIGURES

Fig. 4.1

Classical growth curves of organisms exploiting and depleting resources Fig. 4.2 Revolutions that are both directed and systemically assessed contribute to sustainable development, rather than merely reacting to immediate problems Fig. 7.1 Conceptual framework for directing decisions towards systemic, multi-service outcomes

37

45 144

ix

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Keywords Revolution • Symbiotic • Sustainable development • Interdependence • Breakthroughs • Symbiocene • Decision-making The Ecosystems Revolution: Co-creating a Symbiotic Future is all about humanity’s relationship with the natural world, how it has shifted throughout our evolutionary journey, and how we urgently need to accelerate its evolution on a far more symbiotic basis. The book dra