The effect of breaking up prolonged sitting on paired associative stimulation-induced plasticity
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
The effect of breaking up prolonged sitting on paired associative stimulation‑induced plasticity E. Bojsen‑Møller1 · M. M. Ekblom1,2 · O. Tarassova1 · D. W. Dunstan3,4 · O. Ekblom1 Received: 18 February 2020 / Accepted: 1 July 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Paired associative stimulation (PAS) can induce plasticity in the motor cortex, as measured by changes in corticospinal excitability (CSE). This effect is attenuated in older and less active individuals. Although a single bout of exercise enhances PAS-induced plasticity in young, physically inactive adults, it is not yet known if physical activity interventions affect PASinduced neuroplasticity in middle-aged inactive individuals. Sixteen inactive middle-aged office workers participated in a randomized cross-over design investigating how CSE and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) were affected by PAS preceded by 3 h of sitting (SIT), 3 h of sitting interrupted every 30 min by 3 min of frequent short bouts of physical activity (FPA) and 2.5 h of sitting followed by 25 min of moderate-intensity exercise (EXE). Transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied over the primary motor cortex (M1) of the dominant abductor pollicis brevis to induce recruitment curves before and 5 min and 30 min post-PAS. Linear mixed models were used to compare changes in CSE using time and condition as fixed effects and subjects as random effects. There was a main effect of time on CSE and planned within-condition comparisons showed that CSE was significantly increased from baseline to 5 min and 30 min post-PAS, in the FPA condition, with no significant changes in the SIT or EXE conditions. SICI decreased from baseline to 5 min post-PAS, but this was not related to changes in CSE. Our findings suggest that in middle-aged inactive adults, FPAs may promote corticospinal neuroplasticity. Possible mechanisms are discussed. Keywords Sedentary behaviour · Paired associative stimulation · Corticospinal excitability · Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Introduction
Communicated by Winston D. Byblow. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-020-05866-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * E. Bojsen‑Møller [email protected] 1
The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, 11486 Stockholm, Sweden
2
Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
3
Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
4
Mary MacKillop Institute of Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Neuroplasticity refers to the ability of the nervous system to undergo enduring morphological or functional change in response to the demands of its environment. In animal models, regular physical activity initiates cellular and molecular processes related to neuroplasticity (Cotman and Berchtold 2002), leading to improvements in learning and memory (van Praag et al. 1999). In humans, non-invasive tra
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