The Effect of Gender Role on Attitudes Towards Inequitable Gender Norms Among Malaysian Men
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The Effect of Gender Role on Attitudes Towards Inequitable Gender Norms Among Malaysian Men Noraida Endut1 · Reyhaneh Bagheri1 · Azwan Azman2 · Intan H. M. Hashim3 · Nor Hafizah Selamat3 · Leila Mohajer1
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) measure is the most frequently tested gender role instrument and one of the most investigated psychometric constructs in general. However, its application to the Malaysian setting as well as its relation to gender equality attitudes is rarely explored. Therefore, this research guided by the social constructionist perspective aims to examine the relationship between gender role (masculinity and femininity) and attitudes towards inequitable gender norms. A sample of 168 Malaysian men completed the two measures of Gender Equitable Men scale and the BSRI. Results showed that there was a significant relationship between gender role and attitudes towards inequitable gender norms. In contrast to the femininity gender role, masculinity gender role in men contributes to gender inequality attitudes. The findings in this study are largely supporting the theory that masculinity may be a key construct in the men’s negative attitudes about gender equality, which has been shown to be an important predictor of achieving women’s right and empowerment. In this article, we highlight the importance of socialization processes in context and consider how the social construction of gender affects attitudes about sexuality, reproductive health, gender roles and violence against women. Keywords Gender role · Inequitable gender norms · Bem sex role inventory (BSRI) · GEM scale
Introduction Gender equality, as one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, has a catalytic effect on various aspects of human life such as achieving human development, environmental sustainability, good governance, and even sustained peace (Razavi 2016). Gender equality has also been prioritized as one of the main ways * Reyhaneh Bagheri [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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to achieve women’s right and empowerment. As highlighted in the ICPD Program of Action: Men play a key role in bringing about gender equality since, in most societies, men exercise preponderant power in nearly every sphere of life, ranging from personal decisions regarding the size of families to the policy and programme decisions taken at all levels of Government (United Nations 1994). It is globally recognized that men and boys can play a role as either supporting and championing or damaging and denying gender equality (Ruane-McAteer et al. 2019). Barker and Das (2004) argue that “men should be fully engaged in achieving gender equality in their family lives and intimate relationships” (p. 148). Given the concept ‘men as agents of change for gender equality’ introduced by Greene et al. (2006), followed by Jewkes et al. (2015) indicates that changes in men’s attitudes would resu
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