The effect of grazing on the microbiome of two commercially important agarophytes, Gracilaria firma and G. salicornia (G
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23RD INTERNATIONAL SEAWEED SYMPOSIUM, JEJU
The effect of grazing on the microbiome of two commercially important agarophytes, Gracilaria firma and G. salicornia (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta) Teck-Toh Tan 1,2 & Sze-Looi Song 1,3 & Sze-Wan Poong 1 & Georgia M. Ward 4 & Juliet Brodie 4 & Phaik-Eem Lim 1 Received: 27 July 2019 / Revised and accepted: 30 January 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Grazing, which leads to losses in biomass and drastic declines in total crop production, is one of the main concerns in seaweed aquaculture. This is also thought to affect the composition of the associated bacterial communities which are believed to play a crucial role in determining the host’s health and development. Apart from morphological impairment, studying changes in the prokaryotic microbiome composition and predicted functional responses to grazing will allow us to understand the underlying effects of grazing on the seaweed host. This study is the first report of the effect of grazing on the prokaryotic microbiome of two economically important agarophytes, Gracilaria firma and Gracilaria salicornia, by high-throughput sequencing targeting the V3-V4 variable region of the 16S rRNA gene. The results indicated that for G. firma, the microbiome composition of tissues grazed by marine herbivores had significantly more agarolytic bacteria Marinagarivorans sp. and Algisphaera sp. than in ungrazed tissues. The predictive functional metagenomics for this species revealed that grazing escalated the pathway activities related to nucleotide degradation, aromatic compound degradation and aerobic sugar metabolism, while pathways associated with cell wall synthesis, aerobic respiration, vitamin biosynthesis and amino acid biosynthesis were reduced. However, for G. salicornia, the bacterial communities were not significantly affected by grazing. Nevertheless, pathways relating to anaerobic respiration and amino acid, coenzyme and vitamin B-6 biosynthesis in this species were predicted to be more active in grazed tissues, whereas the microbiome of ungrazed tissues had higher activities in bacteriochlorophyll a, fatty acid, secondary metabolite and heme biosynthesis. Keywords 16S metagenomics . Gracilarioid red algae . Grazers . Microbiota . Predicted functional pathways . Seaweed aquaculture
Introduction Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-020-02062-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Phaik-Eem Lim [email protected] 1
Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2
Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
3
China-Asean College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900 Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
4
Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
Species of Gracilaria are widely cultivated in Asian countries, including China, Indonesia, the Philippines and South Korea, as well as across the continent of
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