The Effect of Mindfulness, Psychological Flexibility, and Emotional Intelligence on Self-Efficacy and Functional Outcome
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ORIGINAL PAPER
The Effect of Mindfulness, Psychological Flexibility, and Emotional Intelligence on Self-Efficacy and Functional Outcomes Among Chronic Pain Clients Joseph M. Rizzo1,2 · Robert C. Schwartz2 Accepted: 10 November 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Chronic pain-related research has increased substantially during the last decade. However, empirical studies addressing mental health interventions to increase self-efficacy and reduce functional impairments is limited. This study investigated whether better functional outcomes (physical and psychosocial daily functioning) and greater self-efficacy among persons with chronic pain is associated with mindfulness, psychological flexibility, and emotional intelligence (N = 148). Two multiple regression analyses, each controlling for demographic factors, indicated that psychological flexibility predicted both daily functioning and self-efficacy, and emotional intelligence predicted self-efficacy among chronic pain clients. Mental health benefits of psychological flexibility and emotional intelligence can therefore potentially be used by psychotherapists to help boost clients’ positive beliefs in, and ability to function with, chronic pain. Keywords Chronic pain · Self-efficacy · Mindfulness · Emotional intelligence · Flexibility
Introduction In 2018, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that 50 million Americans live with pain every day and it has led to more than $560 billion annually in health care costs and loss of productivity (Gaskin and Richard 2012). Chronic pain affects more Americans than cancer, diabetes and heart disease combined. Research has also shown the relation between chronic pain and mental health conditions including anxiety, depression, substance use disorders, PTSD, and personality disorders (Hooten 2016). Furthermore, chronic pain patients are also at greater risk for suicide (Hooley 2014). The purpose of this study was to investigate the predictors of daily functional outcomes and self-efficacy among persons with chronic pain. Specifically, this study investigated whether mindfulness (observing, describing, acting with awareness, and accepting without judgment), psychological flexibility, and emotional * Joseph M. Rizzo [email protected] 1
Walden University, Minneapolis, MN 55401, USA
School of Counseling, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
2
intelligence predicted overall physical daily functioning, psychosocial functioning, and self-efficacy among chronic pain patients. Through an understanding of mindfulness and related psychological constructs it is hoped that professional psychotherapists can gain knowledge and skills useful when working with chronic pain patients.
Overview of Chronic Pain and Daily Functioning In 2001, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations required physicians to consider pain as one of the vital signs, in addition to the other four vital signs including pulse, blood pressure, core temperature
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