The Effect of Positively Framing Side-Effect Risk in Two Different Formats on Side-Effect Expectations, Informed Consent
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
The Effect of Positively Framing Side‑Effect Risk in Two Different Formats on Side‑Effect Expectations, Informed Consent and Credibility: A Randomised Trial of 16‑ to 75‑Year‑Olds in England Rebecca K. Webster1 · G. James Rubin2,3
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Introduction Reframing side-effect information in patient information leaflets (PILs) in terms of those who remain sideeffect–free may reduce negative expectations and side-effects, although there are concerns this may impact informed consent. This study compared two versions of positively framed PILs with current practice to see which reduces side-effect expectations whilst maintaining informed consent and credibility. Methods We commissioned Ipsos MORI to conduct an online survey of 16- to 75-year-olds in England. 1067 people completed the study and were randomised to receive a PIL for a hypothetical new antibiotic that either communicated side-effects following current practice (n = 356), used positive framing with natural frequencies (n = 356), or positive framing with percentages (n = 355). After reading the leaflet, participants completed measures of their side-effect expectations, absolute risk perceptions, and satisfaction and credibility of the leaflet. Results Both positively framed PILs resulted in significantly lower side-effect expectations compared with the current PIL for all side-effects (ps 0.626). The positively framed PIL using natural frequencies produced more accurate risk perceptions than the same leaflet using percentages; but performed equally to the current PIL. There was no difference between the leaflets in terms of satisfaction with or credibility of the PILs. Conclusion Positively framed PILs using natural frequencies significantly reduced side-effect expectations and provided the most accurate risk perceptions without impacting satisfaction or credibility. Replication is needed with patients prescribed new medication and those with lower educational status.
1 Introduction It is widely acknowledged that medications may generate adverse effects. Around 6.5% of hospital admissions are related to these adverse effects [1]. As such, adverse Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s40264-020-00959-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Rebecca K. Webster [email protected] 1
Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Cathedral Court, 1 Vicar Lane, Sheffield, UK
2
Department of Psychological Medicine, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Weston Education Centre, Denmark Hill, London, UK
3
National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Emergency Preparedness and Response, King’s College London, London, UK
effects (or side-effects as we will refer to them following the terminology used in patient information leaflets) can be a great cause for concern to patients, reducing their qu
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