The effects of different cooking modes on the 137 Cs, 40 K, and total K content in Boletus edulis (King Bolete) mushroom
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
The effects of different cooking modes on the 137Cs, 40K, and total K content in Boletus edulis (King Bolete) mushrooms Martyna Saba 1 & Jerzy Falandysz 1,2 Received: 7 July 2020 / Accepted: 5 October 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract This study aimed to get an insight into the effects of household processing on the leaching behaviour of 137Cs and 40K from fresh, frozen and dried Boletus edulis (King Bolete) mushrooms. Three processes were investigated—blanching, blanching and pickling, and drying followed by grinding and soaking. The activity concentrations of 137Cs and 40K in the fresh unprocessed mushrooms were 270 Bq kg−1 dry biomass (27 Bq kg−1 whole weight) and 590 Bq kg−1 db (59 Bq kg−1 ww), respectively. Blanching of fresh mushrooms decreased 137Cs activity by 55%, and 40K activity by 34%, and blanching of deep-frozen mushrooms caused a reduction of 52% and 44% (db) (equivalent to whole weight reductions of 37% and 8.5%, and 67% and 22%, respectively). Blanching and pickling of fresh mushrooms decreased 137Cs activity by 83% and 40K activity by 87%, while blanching deep-frozen mushrooms resulted in decreases of 88% and 80% (db) (whole weight decreases of 77% and 81%, and by ~ 84% and 72%, respectively). This study confirms earlier reports that blanching of fresh or frozen mushrooms alone is not as efficient at removing 137Cs as blanching followed by pickling. The study also shows that the initial rate of fruiting body disintegration and pre-preparation (comparing fresh, deep-frozen, or dried and ground) can have an impact on the leaching rate of the water soluble fraction of metallic elements. Keywords Cs-137 . Potassium-40 . Potassium . Foods . Household processing . Mushrooms . Radioactive pollution
Introduction Macrofungi exhibit a remarkable aptitude and propensity to bioconcentrate a variety of major and trace mineral constituents, including radioactive elements, in their fruiting bodies (mushrooms) (Falandysz and Borovička 2013). Edible species that grow in the wild were considered as a potentially significant source of human dietary exposure to radiocaesium (134/ Jerzy Falandysz is a visiting professor at affiliation 2 Responsible Editor: Georg Steinhauser Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11147-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Jerzy Falandysz [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Environmental Chemistry & Ecotoxicology, University of Gdańsk, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
2
Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130015, Colombia
137
Cs) from the atmospheric fallout of radioactivity from nuclear weapon testing in the atmosphere and nuclear power plant accidents (Daillant et al. 2013; Kiefer et al. 1965; Rantavaara 2003). In particular, the incident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986 led to 137Cs contamination of wild mushrooms in surrounding Eur
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