The effects of different crossing-linking conditions of genipin on type I collagen scaffolds: an in vitro evaluation
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ORIGINAL PAPER
The effects of different crossing-linking conditions of genipin on type I collagen scaffolds: an in vitro evaluation Xiujie Zhang • Xueying Chen • Ting Yang Naili Zhang • Li Dong • Shaoying Ma • Xiaoming Liu • Mo Zhou • Baoxing Li
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Received: 21 December 2013 / Accepted: 7 January 2014 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyze the properties of fabricating rat tail type I collagen scaffolds cross-linked with genipin under different conditions. The porous genipin cross-linked scaffolds are obtained through a two step freeze-drying process. To find out the optimal cross-link condition, we used different genipin concentrations and various crosslinked temperatures to prepare the scaffolds in this study. The morphologies of the scaffolds were characterized by scanning electron microscope, and the mechanical properties of the scaffolds were evaluated under dynamic compression. Additionally, the crosslinking degree was assessed by ninhydrin assay. To investigate the swelling ratio and the in vitro degradation of the collagen scaffold, the tests were also carried out by immersion of the scaffolds in a PBS solution or digestion in a type I collagenase respectively. The morphologies of the non-cross-linked scaffolds presented a lattice-like structure while the cross-linked ones displayed a sheet-like framework. The morphology of the genipin cross-linked scaffolds could be significantly changed by either increasing genipin concentration or the temperature. The X. Zhang Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China X. Chen T. Yang N. Zhang L. Dong S. Ma X. Liu M. Zhou B. Li (&) China Institute for Radiation Protection, Taiyuan 030006, China e-mail: [email protected]
swelling ratio of each cross-linked scaffold was much lower than that of the control (non-cross-linked).The ninhydrin assay demonstrated that the higher temperature and genipin concentration could obviously increase the cross-linking efficiency. The in vitro degradation studies indicated that genipin cross-linking can effectively elevate the biostability of the scaffolds. The biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of the scaffolds was evaluated by culturing rat chondrocytes on the scaffold in vitro and by MTT. The results of MTT and the fact that the chondrocytes adhered well to the scaffolds demonstrated that genipin cross-linked scaffolds possessed an excellent biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity. Based on these results, 0.3 % genipin concentrations and 37 °C cross-linked temperatures are recommended. Keywords Cross-link Genipin Type I collagen Scaffolds
Introduction Collagen is one of the most important and abundant extracellular matrix proteins present in the mammalian body. It plays a considerable role in many supporting and connecting tissues. To date, it has been used for biomaterial applications in a wide variety of forms, mainly as 3D hydrogels, foams, PEM films and collagen-based 2D films or 3D scaffolds (Kopecek 2007; Zhang et al. 2005; Chaubaroux et al.
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