The Evolution of Human Probiotics: Challenges and Prospects
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The Evolution of Human Probiotics: Challenges and Prospects Elizaveta A. Trush 1 & Elena A. Poluektova 1 & Allan G. Beniashvilli 2 & Oleg S. Shifrin 1 & Yuri M. Poluektov 3 Vladimir T. Ivashkin 1
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# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In recent years, the intestinal microbiota has been found to greatly influence a number of biological processes important for human health and longevity. Microbial composition changes easily in response to external factors, such as an unbalanced diet, lack of physical activity, and smoking. Probiotics are a key factor in maintaining the optimal composition of the intestinal microbiota. However, a number of important questions related to probiotics, such as indication for prescription, comparative efficacy of monostrain and multistrain probiotics, methods of delivery, and shelf life, remain unresolved. The aim of this review is to highlight existing issues regarding probiotic production and their prescription. The review presents the most recent findings regarding advantages and efficacy of monostrain and multistrain probiotics, preservation of probiotic strains in capsules and microcapsules, production of probiotics in the form of biofilms for improved efficacy and survival, and results of clinical studies evaluating the benefits of probiotics against different pathologies. We believe that this work will be of interest to physicians and researchers alike and will promote the development of new probiotics and ensuing regimens aimed at the treatment of various diseases. Keywords Monostrain and multistrain probiotics . Biofilm . Planktonic cells . Efficacy
Introduction Gut microbiota composition represents an important determinant of human health. Numerous environmental factors, such as an unbalanced diet, lack of physical activity, and smoking, can affect the qualitative and quantitative composition of the intestinal microbiota [1–3]. Whereas the causal relationship between various diseases and changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota remains unresolved, it has been shown that disruption of the gut microbiome correlates with pathologies of the cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, liver, and emotional disorders [4–8]. Conversely, * Yuri M. Poluektov [email protected] 1
Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
2
Mental Health Research Center, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
3
Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
restoration of the intestinal microbiota composition in such patients improves their well-being [9–12] and prevents complications [13–16]. The main agents to influence intestinal microbiota composition are probiotics. Probiotics have been known for a long time, but only recently has existing information abo
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