The experience in production of composite refraction lenses from beryllium
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RACTION AND SCATTERING OF IONIZING RADIATIONS
The Experience in Production of Composite Refraction Lenses from Beryllium A. A. Semenova, A. V. Zabrodina, V. V. Gorlevskiya, M. S. Sheverdyaeva, A. V. Lizunova, D. A. Bryleva, A. S. Anikina, S. S. Klykova, E. V. Kozlovaa, I. G. Lesinaa, A. L. Neberaa, I. A. Morozova, A. V. Demina, A. V. Buzmakovb, Yu. M. Dymshiczb, V. V. Volkovb, O. M. Zhigalinab,c, P. V. Konarevb, D. N. Khmeleninb, A. V. Sereginb,c, R. A. Seninb,d, B. S. Roshchinb, and V. E. Asadchikovb,e,* a
b
Bochvar High-Technology Research Institute of Inorganic Materials, Moscow, 123098 Russia Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Centre “Crystallography and Photonics,” Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333 Russia c Bauman State Technical University, Moscow, 105005 Russia d National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow, 123182 Russia e Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia *e-mail: [email protected] Received May 26, 2016
Abstract—The choice of beryllium-based material for the use in X-ray optics has been substantiated based on electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction data. The first results of applying refraction lenses made of this material are reported. DOI: 10.1134/S1063774517010217
erally are not used to fabricate any products. Powder metallurgy methods are applied to reduce the grain size. Beryllium ingots are ground to obtain powders with different grain sizes (from 30 to 200 μm), and then subjected to stepwise pressing (cold and hot isostatic pressing in hydrostats or gasostats, hot axial pressing, stamping, extrusion, upsetting) in order to make preforms. Each beryllium particle in this composite material is coated by a thin oxide layer, which makes the material harder and more stable [4]. The differences in the fabrication technology determine significant distinctions in the scattering signal of beryllium materials. The names of beryllium grades produced in Russia contain information about the chemical purity of the initial material (“T” stands for technical beryllium ingots and “D” is used for beryllium ingots additionally purified by distillation), the powder grain size (numerical value), and the main technological process. In particular, “V,” “GP,” and “IP” indicate, respectively, extrusion, hot pressing, and isostatic pressing. Different processing modes give rise to different structures, and small-angle X-ray scattering from metallic beryllium may be due to the grain structure at the submicron level and the presence of impurity clusters and pores [5].
INTRODUCTION Fresnel zone plates [1] and refraction lenses based on beryllium [2] form a class of X-ray optical elements that are most often used in synchrotron stations to perform radiation microfocusing. Despite the fact that zone plates make it possible to obtain the smallest focusing spots, their efficiency generally does not exceed 10%. In this context, refraction lenses are much more convenient. Their efficiency is much higher, and the use of a variable number of elements with d
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