The Family Moraxellaceae
The family Moraxellaceae is a member of the order Pseudomonadales, class Gammaproteobacteria, currently encompassing the genera Acinetobacter, Moraxella (the type genus), and Psychrobacter, and the more recently proposed genera Alkanindiges, Paraperlucidi
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axonomy: Historical and Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 Molecular Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 Phenotypic Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 Isolation, Enrichment, and Maintenance Procedures . . . . . 458 Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 Pathogenicity: Clinical Relevance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Some species are associated with terrestrial and marine animals, and with foodstuff. They are rarely isolated from human sources, and little is known about their clinical significance. On the other hand, some Psychrobacter are sources of cold-adapted proteins and enzymes which have broad applicability in industrial processes, modification of heat-labile substances, and in energy conservation. Members of the genus Acinetobacter may also have a wide range of industrial applications, such as bioremediation of waste waters and effluents, degradation of petrochemicals, production of biopolymers and biosurfactants, biomass production, and production of immune adjuvants.
Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
Taxonomy: Historical and Current Abstract The family Moraxellaceae is a member of the order Pseudomonadales, class Gammaproteobacteria, currently encompassing the genera Acinetobacter, Moraxella (the type genus), and Psychrobacter, and the more recently proposed genera Alkanindiges, Paraperlucidibaca, and Perlucidibaca. Several of the microorganisms included in this family have a history of debate and changes in their names over the times, generating difficulties in the interpretation of early literature. The family is composed by a heterogeneous group of bacteria distributed over a wide variety of natural habitats and having diverse ecological and clinical significances. The family includes species that colonize mucosal membranes or the skin of humans and animals, and can occasionally cause a variety of infections, as well as apparently harmless species occurring in the environment, including water, soil, and foodstuffs. Most of them are considered saprophytes of little clinical significance, while a few represent important infectious agents. In recent years, certain species, notably those included in the so-called Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-Acinetobacter baumannii complex, have emerged as important agents of opportunistic infections in the scenario of difficult-to-treat healthcare-associated infections. Two species, Moraxella catarrhalis and Moraxella bovis, play an important role in human and veterinary medicine, respectively. M. catarrhalis is recognized as an exclusively human pathogen causing lower and upper respiratory tract infections, and M. bovis is the primary etiologic agent of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis, the most important ocular disease of cattle worldwide, causing signif
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