The Family Streptomycetaceae, Part I: Taxonomy
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The Family Streptomycetaceae, Part I: Taxonomy PETER KÄ MPFER
Phylogeny and Taxonomy The family Streptomycetaceae was created by Waksman and Henrici (1943). Originally this family harbored only the type genus Streptomyces. Zhang et al. (1997) proposed that the genus Kitasatospora be included, and recently, a third genus, Streptacidiphilus, was added (Kim et al., 2003). Description of the family Streptomycetaceae Waksman and Henrici 1943 emend, Kim et al. (2003) (Strep.to.my.ce.ta’ce.ae. ending to denote a family; M.L. masc. n. Streptomyces, type genus of the family) is based on data taken from Williams et al. (1989), Zhang et al. (1997) and Kim et al. (2003). These aerobic, Gram-positive, nonacid-alcohol fast actinomycetes form an extensively branched substrate mycelium that rarely fragments. The aerial mycelium forms chains of three to many spores. Members of a few species bear short chains of spores on the substrate mycelium. The organisms produce a wide range of pigments responsible for the color of the substrate and aerial mycelium. The organisms grow within different pH ranges, namely 5.5–9 (Kitasatospora), 5–11.5 (Streptomyces), and 3.5– 6.0 (Streptacidiphilus). They are chemoorganotrophic with an oxidative type of metabolism. The substrate mycelium contains either LL(Streptacidiphilus and Streptomyces) or meso(Kitasatospora) diaminopimelic acid as the predominant diamino acid; aerial or submerged spores contain LL-diaminopimelic acid. In whole-organism sugar profiles, either major amounts of galactose or galactose and rhamnose (Kitasatospora and Streptacidiphilus) can be detected. Lipid profiles typically contain hexaand octa-hydrogenated menaquinones with nine isoprene units as the predominant isoprenologues. The polar lipid profiles are composed of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylinositol mannosides. Fatty acids are complex mixtures of saturated, iso- and anteiso-fatty acids. Mycolic acids are not present. The mol% G + C of the DNA ranges generally between 66 and 74%. Members of all three taxa are widely distributed in terrestrial habitats, especially soil.
Very few species are pathogens for animals (including man) and plants. A phylogenetic tree showing selected representatives of all three genera (all species of Streptacidiphilus and Kitasatospora and selected Streptomyces “species”) representing the clusters of the numerical taxonomic study of Williams et al. (1983a) is shown in Fig. 1. The genera are difficult to differentiate on the basis of phenotypic features (including chemotaxonomic markers). Some characteristic features are shown in Table 1.
History Early investigations of actinomycetes, including streptomycetes, were dominated by a strong emphasis of morphology and the high degree of morphological diversity was subsequently considered to be sufficient for their assignment to genera and families (Waksman, 1961; Cross and Goodfellow, 1973). A short summary of early classific
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