The Forgotten Revolution How Science Was Born in 300 BC and Why It H

The period from the late fourth to the late second century B. C. witnessed, in Greek-speaking countries, an explosion of objective knowledge about the external world. WhileGreek culture had reached great heights in art, literature and philosophyalreadyin

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Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH

Lucio Russo

The Forgotten Revolution How Science Was Born in 300 BC and Why It Had to Be Reborn

With the Collaboration of the Translator, Silvio Levy

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Lucio Russo Dipartimento di Matematica Università di Roma "Tor Vergata" Via della Ricerca Scientifica 00133 Roma, Italy

Silvio Levy (Translator) Mathematical Sciences Research Institute 17 Gauss Way Berkeley, CA 94720-5070, USA e-mail: [email protected]

First published as La rivoluzione dimenticata © Giangiacomo Feltrinelli Editore Milano, 1996

The translation of this book was supported by Segretariato Europeo per le Pubblicazioni Scientifiche

Via Val d’Aposa 7 - 40123 Bologna - Italy Phone +39.051 271992 fax +39.051 265983 [email protected] - www.seps.it

Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at .

Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): 01A20 ISBN 978-3-540-20396-4

ISBN 978-3-642-18904-3 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-18904-3

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 2004 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2004 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typeset by the translator Cover design: de’blik, Berlin GmbH, Heidelberg Printed on acid-free paper 41/3142LK - 5 4 3 2 1 0

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Foreword to the English Edition

The original plan for the book you are holding was simply to have an English translation of the second Italian edition. This would probably have happened as planned if someone other than Silvio Levy had been chosen as the translator. But after having exchanged with him the first few hundred e-mail messages, I realized that the work was taking on an altogether different aspect: he not only pointed out slips and inaccuracies of various kinds, but also kept suggesting editorial changes to the text. I made many of his proposed alterations, while others led to long exchanges wit