The Future of Human Space Exploration

For several decades it has been widely accepted that human space exploration is the exclusive domain of government agencies. The cost of performing such missions, estimated in multiple reports to amount to hundreds of billions dollars over decades, w

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An d r ea So mmar iva

With a f o rewo rd f ro m the D irecto r Genera l o f the Euro pea n Space A gency

The Future of Human Space Exploration

Giovanni Bignami • Andrea Sommariva

The Future of Human Space Exploration

Giovanni Bignami IASF-INAF Milan, Italy

Andrea Sommariva Milan, Italy

ISBN 978-1-137-52657-1 ISBN 978-1-137-52658-8 DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-52658-8

(eBook)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016936718 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 The author(s) has/have asserted their right(s) to be identified as the author(s) of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Cover illustration: © B.A.E. Inc. / Alamy Stock Photo Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Macmillan Publishers Ltd. London

Foreword: The Future of Human Space Exploration by Johann Dietrich Woerner, General Director of the European Space Agency

In The Future of Human Space Exploration, Giovanni Bignami and Andrea Sommariva present a discussion of a very challenging topic: that of exploration. For the space community, exploration lies at the very core of space activity and brings together technology and science at the highest level. Exploration, whether robotic or human, requires that we think about possible effects that extend far beyond our day-to-day experience. The book focuses on all aspects of exploration, ranging from history, launcher and propulsion systems and spacecraft, to possible activities beyond science such as mining in the universe. It also covers the crucial aspects of human spaceflight. Large parts of the book are written in such a way as to give even the less-informed reader a clear understanding of the subject. At the same time, those already with an in-depth understanding can find detailed information about the physics that provides the background to these activitie