The Ganga Water Use in the Indian Subcontinent
The geo-hydro-morphometry of the river Ganges has a history of long and wide variations as the river is continuously fed by the high Himalayas hill ranges, the highest in the world. The river is categorized as an international one, passing through several
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Water Science and Technology Library VOLUME 64
Editor-in-Chief V. P. Singh, Texas A&M University, College Station, U.S.A. Editorial Advisory Board M. Anderson, Bristol, U.K L. Bengtsson, Lund, Sweden J. F. Cruise, Huntsville, U.S.A. U. C. Kothyari, Roorkee, India S. E. Serrano, Philadelphia, U.S.A D. Stephensen, Johannesburg, South Africa W. G. Strupczewski, Warsaw, Poland
For other titles published in this series, go to http://www.springer.com/series/6689
The Ganga Water Use in the Indian Subcontinent
by
Pranab Kumar Parua Consulting Engineering, Asian Development Bank
Foreword by Dr. S. S. Ganguly
123
Dr. Pranab Kumar Parua Consulting Engineer Asian Development Bank New Delhi India [email protected]
ISBN 978-90-481-3102-0 e-ISBN 978-90-481-3103-7 DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-3103-7 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009938167 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Disclaimer: The facts and opinions expressed in this work are those of the author and not necessarily those of the publisher. Every effort has been made to contact the copyright holders of the figures and tables which have been reproduced from other sources. Anyone who has not been properly credited is requested to contact the publishers, so that due acknowledgement may be made in subsequent editions. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
The author dedicates this book to his beloved parents Late Sudhir Chandra Parua and Late Santa Bala Parua and hopes to receive their blessings from Heaven. He further hopes that their Souls rest in Peace in Heaven.
Foreword
From time immemorial the Bengal Delta had been an important maritime destination for traders from all parts of the world. The actual location of the port of call varied from time to time in line with the natural hydrographic changes. From the early decades of the second millennium AD, traders from the European continent also joined the traders from the Arab countries, who had been the Forerunners in maritime trading with India. Daring traders and fortune seekers from Denmark, Holland, Belgium and England arrived at different ports of call along the Hooghly river. The river had been, in the meantime, losing its pre-eminence as the main outlet channel of the sacred Ganga into the Bay of Bengal, owing to a shift of flow towards east near Rajmahal into the Padma, which had been so long, carried very small part of the large volume of flow. On a cloudy afternoon on August 24, 1690 the British seafarer Job Charnock rested his oars at Kolkata and started a new chapter in the life o
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