The Genus Corynebacterium--Medical
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The Genus Corynebacterium—Medical ALEXANDER VON GRAEVENITZ AND KATHRYN BERNARD
Phylogeny and Taxonomy The genus Corynebacterium is a member of the class Actinobacteria (high G+C Gram-positive bacilli), subclass Actinobacteridae, order Actinomycetales, suborder Corynebacterineae and family Corynebacteriaceae, which also includes the genus Turicella (Stackebrandt et al., 1997). This designation is based on extensive 16S rRNA gene sequencing data which demonstrated that the genus Corynebacterium is most closely related to non-acid-fast, partially acid-fast or acid-fast genera of the suborder Corynebacterineae, which also includes the families (genus/ genera) Dietziaceae (Dietzia), Gordoniaceae (Gordonia and Skermania), Mycobacteriaceae (Mycobacterium), Nocardiaceae (Nocardia and Rhodococcus), Tsukamurellaceae (Tsukamurella) and Williamsiaceae (Williamsia) (Funke et al., 1994; Pascual et al., 1995; Ruimy et al., 1995; Chun et al., 1997; Stackebrandt et al., 1997; Kämpfer et al., 1999). Currently, the genus Corynebacterium consists of 59 validly described species, of which 35 species as well as two taxon groups are considered to be medically relevant and will be discussed in this chapter. These include C. accolens, C. afermentans, C. amycolatum, C. appendicis, C. argentoratense, C. aurimucosum, C. auris, C. confusum, C. coyleae, C. diphtheriae, C. durum, C. falsenii, C. freneyi, C. glucuronolyticum, C. imitans, C. jeikeium, C. kroppenstedtii, C. lipophiloflavum, C. macginleyi, C. matruchotii, C. minutissimum, C. mucifaciens, C. mycetoides, C. propinquum, C. pseudodiphtheriticum, C. pseudotuberculosis, C. riegelii, C. simulans, C. singulare, C. striatum, C. sundsvallense, C. thomssenii, C. ulcerans, C. urealyticum and C. xerosis, as well as Coryneform CDC groups G and F-1. A “black-pigmented Corynebacterium species” associated with human disease, but not as yet validated, is also described briefly here. Valid Corynebacterium species not known to be isolated from diseased humans and most commonly recovered from soil, animals, the environment or foods are described further in another chapter (Corynebacterium–Nonmedical in this
Volume). The following 12 mostly nonhuman taxa have an internet or literature presence, but have not been validated: C. acetoacidophilum, C. cervicis, C. crenatum, C. fastidiosum, C. genitalium, C. melassecola, C. nephridii, C. nigricans (the “black-pigmented Corynebacterium”), C. pseudogenitalium, C. segmentosum, C. thermoaminogenes and C. tuberculostearicum. The core description of the genus Corynebacterium has been emended substantively over the years, on the basis of comprehensive 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis for taxa with specific chemotaxonomic, morphological and phenotypic traits. These traits include: 1) the G+C content, which varies from 46 mol% (C. kutscheri) to 74 mol% (C. auris) (Funke et al., 1995b), but generally ranges from 51 to 65 mol%, indicating wide diversity within this genus (Collins and Cummins, 1986); 2) the cell wall, which contains meso-diaminopime
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