The Genus Salmonella
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The Genus Salmonella CRAIG D. ELLERMEIER AND JAMES M. SLAUCH
Introduction and History The Salmonella live in the intestines of animals and have evolved with their hosts (see Phylogeny). Thus, Salmonella infection is an ancient disease, and typhoid fever has been well described throughout written history (Cunha, 2004). However, confusion between the diseases typhus and typhoid existed until the mid-1800s, even though previous investigators had differentiated the two (Miller and Pegues, 2000; Cunha, 2004). For example, Oxford physician Thomas Willis (1621– 1675), in 1659, noted the ileal ulcers associated with typhoid. With the increasing use of autopsies, in the 1820s, Pierre Bretonneau (1778–1862) and colleagues described that the Peyer’s patches were inflamed in typhoid. He also noted that the disease was contagious and that once a person survived typhoid, they did not get the disease again. French physician Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis (1787–1872) first used the term “typhoid fever” in 1829. William Jenner (1815– 1898) further clarified the differences between typhus and typhoid based on symptomology and, importantly, epidemiology in 1850; the fact that he personally suffered from both diseases strengthened his differential diagnosis. William Budd (1811–1880) concluded in 1873 that typhoid fever was spread by the fecal-oral route. Karl Eberth (1835–1926) observed in 1880 rodshaped organisms in the spleens and lymph nodes of typhoid patients and is credited with discovering the serovar Typhi organism. Georg Gaffky (1850–1918) first successfully cultured serovar Typhi from patients in Germany in 1884. In 1885, Theobald Smith (1859–1934), working under American veterinarian Daniel E. Salmon (1850–1914), isolated what became known as Salmonella choleraesuis from the intestine of a pig. French bacteriologist Joseph Léon Marcel Lignières (1868–1933) suggested in 1900 that the group of bacteria represented by the swinecholera organism should be termed “Salmonella” in honor of Salmon. Georges Widal (1862–1929) in 1896 coined the term “agglutinin” to describe the clumping of heat-killed serovar Typhi cells by convalescent serum (the Widal reaction).
Almroth Edward Wright (1861–1947) and, independently, Richard F.J. Pfeiffer (1858–1945) and Wilhelm Kolle (1868–1935), used heat-killed organisms to vaccinate against typhoid in 1896; essentially the same vaccine is still in use today (see Serovars Typhi and Paratyphi). Elie Metchnikov (1845–1916) fulfilled Koch’s postulates to prove that serovar Typhi caused typhoid in 1911. Fritz Kauffmann (1899–1978), extending the work of P.B. White (White, 1926), established serological analysis of Salmonella starting in the 1940s. In 1948, Theodore E. Woodward (1914–) and colleagues successfully treated patients in Malaysia with chloromycetin (chloramphenicol). Serovar Typhimurium strains became a favorite tool of the bourgeoning number of bacterial geneticists. In 1948, K. Lilleengen characterized a series of 25 clinical isolates representing diffe
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