The Geography of Small Firm Innovation
It has long been recognized that advances in science contribute to economic growth. While it is one thing to argue that such a relationship exists, it is quite another to establish the extent to which knowledge spills over within and between sectors of th
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INTERNATIONAL STUDIES IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP Series Editors: Zoltan J. Acs University of Baltimore Baltimore, Maryland USA David B. Audretsch Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana USA
by
Grant Black Andrew Young School of Policy Studies Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW
eBook ISBN: Print ISBN:
0-306-48745-4 1-4020-7612-6
©2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. Print ©2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht All rights reserved No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America
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For my parents, Carrol and Lorene Black
CONTENTS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Foreword Acknowledgements Introduction The Small Business Innovation Research Program Geography and Innovation: The Role of Knowledge Spillovers and Agglomeration Evaluating Innovative Activity Metropolitan SBIR Activity in the 1990s Agency Effects in Federally Funded Innovation Metropolitan Patent Activity in the 1990s Conclusion Appendix A: Industries Comprising the High Technology Sector Appendix B: Geographic Distribution of Innovation and Indicators of the Technological Infrastructure in 1990-95 Appendix C: SBIR Phase II Awards by Metropolitan Area Appendix D: Supplemental Evidence of Funding Agency Effects Appendix E: Linking Standard Industrial Classifications to Patent Classifications Appendix F: Utility Patents by Metropolitan Area Notes References Index
xv xvii 1 7 27 37 53 63 75 95 105 111 125 131 147 149 157 161 175
FIGURES Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21 Figure 22 Figure 23 Figure 24
Total R&D Expenditures by State, 1990-95 Distribution of Utility Patents by State, 1990-95 Number of Phase II Awards by State, 1990-95 Number of SBIR Phase II Awards, 1990-95, SIC 28, Chemicals and Allied Products Number of SBIR Phase II Awards, 1990-95, SIC 35, Industrial Machinery Number of SBIR Phase II Awards, 1990-95, SIC 36, Electronics and Electrical Equipment Number of SBIR Phase II Awards, 1990-95, SIC 38, Scientific Instruments Number of SBIR Phase II Awards, 1990-95, SIC 87, Research Services Number of Utility Patents, 1990-95, SIC 28, Chemicals and Allied Products Number of Utility Patents, 1990-95, SIC 35, Industrial Machinery Number of Utility Patents, 1990-95, SIC 36, Electronics and Electrical Equipment Number of Utility Patents, 1990-95, SIC 38, Scientific Instruments Average Population Density, 1990-95 Average Number of R&D Labs, 1990-95 Average Business Services Employment, 1990-95 Concentration of Industrial Employment, 1990-95, SIC 28, Chemicals and Allied Products Concentration of Industrial Employm
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