The Haustorium of Phytopathogenic Fungi: A Short Overview of a Specialized Cell of Obligate Biotrophic Plant Parasites
Among all biotic stresses to which plants are subjected, the biotrophic fungal pathogens of rust and powdery mildew are the most economically relevant. They are characterized by their ability to develop specialized infective structures called haustoria. T
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nts 1 Introduction 2 Haustorial Cell Biology 2.1 Haustorial Development and Establishment 2.2 Haustorial Composition 3 Isolation of Haustoria 4 Haustorial Molecular Physiology 4.1 Haustorial Gene Expression 4.2 Nutrient Uptake in the Haustorium 4.3 Haustorial Effectors 5 The Haustorium as a Gateway for the Introduction of Genetic Material in Biotrophic Fungi 6 Conclusions and Perspectives References
Abstract Among all biotic stresses to which plants are subjected, the biotrophic fungal pathogens of rust and powdery mildew are the most economically relevant. They are characterized by their ability to develop specialized infective structures called haustoria. The fungal haustorium has been recognized as a fungal structure with a key role in disease establishment and has been implicated in essential processes, such as nutrient uptake and effector delivery. However, despite the early description of this fungal structure, many details of its composition, development or effector functions remain unsolved. In this work, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of the fungal haustorium, including the most recent isolation techniques and expression studies. We can conclude that the fungal haustorium is a complex structure, with a high level of expression of genes associated with nutrient uptake and pathogenesis and with a high level of protein synthesis, which seems to
Á. Polonio, A. Pérez-García, J. Martínez-Cruz, D. Fernández-Ortuño, and A. de Vicente (*) Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM UMA CSIC), Málaga, Spain e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 Progress in Botany, https://doi.org/10.1007/124_2020_45
Á. Polonio et al.
be related to the release of secreted proteins. Although recent molecular studies have significantly advanced the knowledge of this structure, many questions remain unsolved. We hope that the development of novel techniques of genetic manipulation based on the capability of the fungal haustorium to uptake dsRNA, siRNA or T-DNA will allow us to answer these questions in the near future.
1 Introduction Plants are constantly exposed to challenges from their environment and from biotic stresses. These biotic stresses include several organisms, such as viroids, viruses, bacteria, oomycetes, fungi and nematodes (Chaudhari et al. 2014). Biotrophic fungal pathogens are undoubtedly among the most fascinating of these organisms, as they develop in plants very differently from other fungal counterparts and require live cells for growth and development. The relationships between biotrophic fungi and their plant hosts are quite diverse, from symbiosis to parasitism. Thus, whereas the endomycorrhizal fungi maintain a symbiotic relationship with plant roots, rust and powdery mildew fungi have a parasitic relationship with their hosts. In the case of endomycorrhizae, fungi mainly obtain sugars from plant c
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