The High North Between Geography and Politics
This book deals with the transformation of the Arctic from an isolated or a distant region to a member of the global community, vulnerable to global changes, and an area frequently in the very center of the world’s attention. Increased global
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The High North Between Geography and Politics
The High North
Ryszard M. Czarny
The High North Between Geography and Politics
123
Ryszard M. Czarny Jan Kochanowski University Kielce Poland
ISBN 978-3-319-21661-4 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-21662-1
ISBN 978-3-319-21662-1
(eBook)
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015944751 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Cover design: deblik, Berlin, Germany Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
To the loving memory of my Father
Contents
1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 5
2
The High North . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Basic Concepts, Terminology and Definitions . . 2.2 The High North: The Region of Discoveries and Scientific Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 The Growing International Interest in the Region References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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7 7
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16 24 38
3
4
The High North as a Part of the Global Climate System: Contemporary Challenges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 Climate Changes: An Attempt to Systemize . . . . . . . . . 3.2 The High North: Characteristics of Climate Changes. . . 3.3 Disputes on the Nature of Climate Changes in the High North . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 The Consequences of Climate Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Peoples of the High North. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in the Region . . . 4.2 Indigenous Languages of the Arctic
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