The History of Keratoplasty: A Brief Overview
The histories of keratoprosthesis and corneal allograft (penetrating keratoplasty) are complex and intimately intertwined. Of the two procedures, keratoprosthesis predates penetrating keratoplasty by almost a century and, as such, plays an important role
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The History of Keratoplasty: A Brief Overview Mark J. Mannis
Contents 1.1 Keratoprosthesis and Keratoplasty ..............
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1.2 Keratoplasty: Experimentation in the Nineteenth Century .............................
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1.3 The Early Twentieth Century: Successful Penetrating Keratoplasty ............
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1.4 The Mid-Twentieth Century: Refinement, Standardization, and the Spread of Keratoplasty ....................
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1.5 The Second Half of the Twentieth Century: Biological and Technical Refinements ..........
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1.6 The Twenty-First Century: Back to the Future..........................................
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References ...............................................................
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The histories of keratoprosthesis and corneal allograft (penetrating keratoplasty) are complex and intimately intertwined. Of the two procedures, keratoprosthesis predates penetrating keratoplasty by almost a century and, as such, plays an important role in the development of corneal transplantation. For the contemporary corneal surgeon interested in keratoprosthesis surgery, understanding the historical landmarks of both keratoplasty and prosthokeratoplasty is important to the recognition of the obstacles we face to finding a successful artificial cornea.
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M.J. Mannis, MD, FACS Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis Health System Eye Center, 4860 Y Street, Suite 2400, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA e-mail: [email protected]
Keratoprosthesis and Keratoplasty
The history of keratoprosthesis will be covered in detail in a subsequent chapter. However, the story of corneal transplantation begins with the notion of an artificial replacement for the opaque cornea. As such, any history of penetrating keratoplasty must open with a description of the earliest concepts for replacement of the opaque cornea, using a corneal prosthesis. While the notion of restoring clarity to an opaque cornea appears as early as 200 AD in the writings of Galen, the first mention of trephination of the cornea to create an opening and the placement of a clear prosthesis emanated almost simultaneously in the late eighteenth century from England
M. Soledad Cortina, J. de la Cruz (eds.), Keratoprostheses and Artificial Corneas: Fundamentals and Surgical Applications, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-55179-6_1, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015
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Fig. 1.1 Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802) (Image courtesy of Mannis and Mannis [1])
M.J. Mannis
and France. In 1795, Erasmus Darwin (Fig. 1.1) theorized that a central corneal opacity could be removed with a quill serving as a trephine and that a bit of glass shaped like shirtsleeve stud could be placed into the hole made by the quill, serving as a clear window [2]. There is, of course, no evidence that Darwin ever attempted this procedure. Across the English Channel in Montpellier, France, Guillaume Pellier de Quengsy, a surgeon renowned for his cataract surgery, published a monograph on ophthalmic surgery in which he described in great detail a glass corneal prosthesis along wit
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