The Impacts of Anthropogenic and Climatic Factors on the Interaction of Spercheios River and Maliakos Gulf, the Aegean S
Spercheios River Basin and the adjacent Maliakos Gulf system (the Aegean Sea) in Central Greece is being examined under a holistic approach that perceives river basins and coastal marine areas as an integrated unit. The main scope is the better understand
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Contents 1 Introduction 2 Description of the Natural Environment of Spercheios River and Maliakos Gulf 2.1 Geographic and Climatic Settings 2.2 Surface Water Bodies 2.3 Long-Term Alterations at Spercheios River-Maliakos Gulf Interface 3 Description of the Anthropogenic Environment of Spercheios River and Maliakos Gulf 3.1 Historical Context 3.2 Land Cover: Land Use Changes 3.3 Anthropogenic Pressures: Pollution Loads 4 Hydrochemical and Sedimentary Conditions of the Study Area 4.1 Physicochemical Parameters 4.2 Quality Status of Spercheios River and Maliakos Gulf 4.3 Organic Loads 4.4 Heavy Metals 4.5 Hydrocarbons 4.6 Sediment Geochemistry/Trace Elements 5 Ecological Condition of the Study Area 5.1 Spercheios River 5.2 Maliakos Gulf 6 Future Projections 6.1 Climate Change Impacts 6.2 Sea Level Rise
A. Mentzafou (*), V. Markogianni, A. Papadopoulos, and E. Dimitriou Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Anavissos, Greece e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] A. Pavlidou and C. Tziavos Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Anavissos, Greece e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Christos L. Anagnostou, Andrey G. Kostianoy, Ilias D. Mariolakos, Panayotis Panayotidis, Marina Soilemezidou, and Grigoris Tsaltas (eds.), The Aegean Sea Environment: Anthropogenic Presence and Impact, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_646, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
A. Mentzafou et al. 7 Management and Conservation 8 Conclusions References
Abstract Spercheios River Basin and the adjacent Maliakos Gulf system (the Aegean Sea) in Central Greece is being examined under a holistic approach that perceives river basins and coastal marine areas as an integrated unit. The main scope is the better understanding of the impacts of the anthropogenic interventions and climate change to the ecological features and hydrochemical and biogeochemical processes taking place in the area. Based on the present study, the interlinkage between Spercheios River’s outflow and Maliakos Gulf is evident in all aspects of the physical environment. Spercheios River is the determining factor of Maliakos Gulf biodiversity and ecological status, due to the high rate of sedimentation that is affecting the geomorphological characteristics of the sea bottom. Moreover, the river’s discharge to the sea is affecting the physicochemical characteristics of the sea water, mainly salinity, especially near the estuaries. Additionally, the impact of anthropogenic activities and interventions are evident on the ecological status of water and sediments of both Spercheios Rivers and Maliakos Gulf samples. Possible climate change will lead to the decrease of precipitation rate and the increase of actual evapotranspiration that will negatively influence the water availability in the Spercheios River Basin. This will directly impact the aquatic ecosystems and Maliakos Gulf hydrodynamics, will affect the spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and salin
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