The Industrialization Process: A Streamlined Version
What is the typical/streamlined process of the industrialization? How can we determine the stage of the industrialization in a country? This is important and determines the profit which the country makes from industrialization. This chapter develops a sim
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The Industrialization Process: A Streamlined Version
The Industrial Revolution is considered a watershed which subsequently gave birth to the knowledge revolution. In fact, the two are intertwined; the development of knowledge and the scientific revolution, in turn, have preceded the Industrial Revolution. This chapter first reviews the historical process that led to the Industrial Revolution and then describes a streamlined version of the industrialization process that applies today.
8.1 The Scientific Revolution and Its Precursors It took a few centuries for the British and other European nations to absorb the scientific tradition from the Islamic precursors (Fig. 8.1). The famous universities in Europe of Bologna, Paris, Cambridge, and Oxford, among others, were founded starting at the end of the eleventh century, much before the Industrial Revolution. It is worthwhile noting that they were modelled after hundreds of earlier counterparts in the Islamic countries of the time such as in Tunis (Kairouan and Zaytouna), Morocco (Qarawiyyin), Spain (Cordoba), Iraq (Baghdad), Iran (Nishabur), Afghanistan (Herat, Belh, etc.), India, and Egypt (Cairo). Hundreds of scientists in the medieval Muslim world, some of whom were non-Muslims, invented algebra, chemistry, and optics and developed physics and medical sciences. In the twelfth century Al Jazari of Anatolia, a renowned polymath and engineer, founded robotics, built
© The Author(s) 2018 M. A. Yülek, How Nations Succeed, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0568-9_8
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Fig. 8.1 Selected scientific precursors of the Industrial Revolution
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many water- driven devices, and authored The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices. At the beginning of the eleventh century, Ammar Ibn Ali Al-Mosuli, an Iraqi ophthalmologist, invented a suctionbased cataract removal procedure. In the ninth century, Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Hwārizmı̄, a Central Asian scientist, invented algebra (Al Jabr) in his book Hisab al-Jabr wal-muqabala. Polymaths Biruni and Hayyam developed algebra, polynomials, and trigonometry. In the tenth century, Abulcasis (Al-Zahrawi) invented many surgical devices, some of which are still in use, and the first surgical thread from cat intestines. His 30-volume book, Kitab al Tasrif, is considered a zenith of medical knowledge along with Avicenna’s Canon. The mathematical and scientific knowledge of the Islamic world was carried to Europe by the likes of Fibonacci—and of Gerbert of Aurillac, who studied in universities (“kulliyahs” or “madrasahs”) in Cordoba and Sevilla before becoming Pope Silvester II in 999 AD. Roger Bacon, a Briton, carried the knowledge to Oxford; he was influenced by Averroism (Ibn Rush), which was dominant in Paris when Bacon studied there in the thirteenth century. Bacon was also influenced significantly by Avicenna’s (Ibn Sina) work on medicine (the Canon/Al Kanun fi’l-Tibb) of the tenth century and Alhazen’s (Ibn Haitham) well-known books
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