The influence of alloying, temperature, and related effects on the stacking fault energy
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T H E o b j e c t i v e of t h i s r e v i e w is to p r o v i d e a b r o a d a n d u p - t o - d a t e s u m m a r y of the e x p e r i m e n t a l f i n d i n g s f o r t h e s t a c k i n g fault e n e r g y (y) a s d e t e r m i n e d b y a v a r i e t y of t e c h n i q u e s on m a t e r i a l s with a wide r a n g e of d i f f e r e n t s o l u t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . In a d d i t i o n to e s t a b l i s h i n g the g e n e r a l t r e n d s in the m a g n i t u d e of with v a r i a t i o n of s o l u t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n , s o l u t e t y p e , t e m p e r a t u r e , d e g r e e of o r d e r , a n d s o f o r t h , p a r t i c u l a r e m p h a s i s i s p l a c e d upon the m a n y a r e a s in w h i c h c o n f u s i o n a n d c o n t r o v e r s y e x i s t . M a n y of the i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s in the l i t e r a t u r e h a v e a r i s e n f r o m the a p p l i c a t i o n of l e s s than' a d e q u a t e t h e o r e t i cal relationships between experimental measurables a n d ~. W h i l e a n e v a l u a t i o n of the l e v e l of v a l i d i t y of the v a r i o u s t e c h n i q u e s f o r d e t e r m i n i n g ~ i s t h o r o u g h l y c o n s i d e r e d in s e v e r a l of the o t h e r p a p e r s in t h i s v o l u m e s o m e d i s c u s s i o n will a l s o p r o v e e s s e n t i a l in s e c t i o n s of t h i s p a p e r w h e r e c o n t r a d i c t o r y q u a n t i t a t i v e e s t i m a t e s for ~ m u s t be rationalized. In s e c t i o n I e s t i m a t e s of ~ in the m o s t w i d e l y s t u d i e d fcc e l e m e n t s - - A g , C u , Au, N i , a n d A l - - a r e t a b u l a t e d a n d d i s c u s s e d . I n s e c t i o n II r e s u l t s f o r the v a r i a t i o n of y with a l l o y i n g a r e t a b u l a t e d a n d p l o t t e d , p a r t i c u l a r e m p h a s i s b e i n g p l a c e d on the most widely studied systems, namely, silver-base, copper-base, and nickel-base alloys, and stainless s t e e l s . O n l y the b r o a d e s t of c o n c l u s i o n s a r e P. C. J. GALLAGHER,formerly Research MetallurgistSenior, Scientific Research Laboratory, Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, Mich., is Group Leader, MechanicalProperties, Metallurgy Department, National Lead Co., Hightstown, N. J. This manuscript was prepared while the author was employed by Ford Motor Co., and is based on a talk presented at the symposium on The Measurement of Stacking Fault Energy, sponsored by the IMDTMS Physical MetallurgyCommittee, Pittsburgh, Pa., May 14-16, 1969. METALLURGICALTRANSACTIONS
d r a w n , a m o r e d e t a i l e d c o n s i d e r a t i o n of a n u m b e r of i n t e r e s t i n g p o i n t s b e i n g d e f e r r e d to l a t e r s e c t i o n s . S e c t i o n III i s c o n c e r n e d with the f a c t o r s w h i c h c a n i n f l u e n c e the s i z e of f a u l t e d d e f e c t s d u r i n g a n n e a l i n g t r e a t m e n t s . A t t e n t i o n is g i v e n to the r o l e s of S u z u k i s e g r e g a t i o n , o r d e r i n g , s o l u t e
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