The influence of the Sander parallelogram illusion and early, middle and late vision on goal-directed reaching and grasp
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
The influence of the Sander parallelogram illusion and early, middle and late vision on goal‑directed reaching and grasping Tiffany A. Carther‑Krone1 · Shannon A. Senanayake1 · Jonathan J. Marotta1 Received: 13 July 2020 / Accepted: 13 October 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Vision is one of the most robust sensory inputs used for the execution of goal-directed actions. Despite a history of extensive visuomotor research, how individuals process visual context for the execution of movements continues to be debated. This experiment examines how early, middle and late visuomotor control is impacted by illusory characteristics in a reaching and grasping task. Participants either manually estimated or reached out and picked up a three-dimensional target bar resting on a two-dimensional picture of the Sander parallelogram illusion. Participants performed their grasps within a predefined time movement window based on their own average grasp time, allowing for the manipulation of visual feedback. On some trials, vision was only available before the response cue (an auditory tone), while on others vision was occluded until the response cue, becoming available for either the full, early, middle or late portions of the movement. While results showed that the effect of the illusion was stronger on manual estimations than on grasping, maximum grip apertures in the occluded vision and early vision grasping conditions were also consistent to a lesser extent with the illusion. The late vision condition showed longer movement time, wrist deceleration period, time to maximum grip aperture and lower maximum velocity. These findings indicate that visual context affects visuomotor control distinctly depending on when vision is available, and supports the notion that human vision is comprised of two functionally and anatomically distinct systems. Keywords Visual illusion · Sander parallelogram · Visuomotor control · Action · Perception
Introduction Over the last couple of decades, there has been considerable controversy regarding how the visual system uses incoming visual information to complete various perceptual and motor tasks. Arguably, the most influential position has been Milner and Goodale’s two-visual-systems hypothesis (TVSH), which suggests a dissociation between ‘vision-for-action’ and ‘vision-for-perception’ (Goodale and Milner 1992; Milner and Goodale 1995). The basis of the TVSH is that Communicated by Melvyn A. Goodale. * Tiffany A. Carther‑Krone [email protected] Shannon A. Senanayake [email protected] Jonathan J. Marotta [email protected] 1
Perception and Action Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
perceptual judgments are associated with a ventral visual pathway that travels from the primary visual cortex to the inferior temporal region of the brain, while goal-directed action movements rely on a dorsal visual pathway originating in the primary visual cortex and extending to the
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