The insular cortex as a vestibular area in relation to autonomic function
- PDF / 1,527,995 Bytes
- 7 Pages / 595.276 x 790.866 pts Page_size
- 87 Downloads / 166 Views
REVIEW ARTICLE
The insular cortex as a vestibular area in relation to autonomic function Michiaki Nagai1 · Verena Scheper2,3 · Thomas Lenarz2,3 · Carola Y. Förster4 Received: 7 September 2020 / Accepted: 31 October 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The forebrain cerebral network including the insular cortex plays a crucial role in the regulation of the central autonomic nervous system in relation to emotional stress. Numerous studies have recently shown that the insular cortex also has roles as a vestibular area in addition to auditory function. In this review, we summarize the recent literature regarding the relationship between the insular cortex and vestibular function, and we describe our hypothesis that the insular cortex has a pivotal role in vestibular-cardiovascular integration. Keywords Insular cortex · Vestibular function · Autonomic function Abbreviations AI Anterior insula ASG Anterior short gyrus FEF Frontal eye field Ic Insular cortex LG Anterior long gyrus MCA Middle cerebral artery MIP/VIP Medial/ventral intraparietal area MSG Mid-short gyrus MST Medial superior temporal area MSTd Dorsal portion of the MST PIVC Parieto-insular vestibular cortex PLG Posterior long gyrus PSG Posterior short gyrus STP/STS Polysensory area of the superior temporal sulcus TPJ Temporoparietal junction
* Michiaki Nagai [email protected] 1
Department of Cardiology, Hiroshima City Asa Hospital, 2‑1‑1 Kabeminami, Aaskita‑ku, Hiroshima 731‑0293, Japan
2
Department of Otolaryngology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
3
Cluster of Excellence ‘Hearing4all’, German Research Foundation, Hannover, Germany
4
Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, University Hospital Würzburg, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC), Würzburg, Germany
Introduction The insular cortex (Ic; also called the insula) is a large, phylogenetically ancient region of the human brain that comprises several parts involved in aspects of emotion, perceptual self-awareness, interoception, multimodal sensory processing, and autonomic control [1, 2]. The German anatomist Johann Christian Reil named the Ic in 1809 [3], and many other names have since been used for this region including “intralobular gyri,” “intersylvian convolutions,” the “central lobe,” the “fifth lobe of the brain,” and the “island of Reil” [4]. Reil proposed that the Ic’s convolutions were the seat of mental processes [5]. Carl Wernicke indicated that lesions of the Ic were related to conduction aphasia [6], and Sigmund Freud later suggested that the Ic is part of the brain’s speech area [7]. A network comprising the Ic, the anterior cingulate gyrus, and the amygdala has crucial functions in the regulation of the body’s central autonomic nervous system (ANS) when stress-related emotions such as fear, anxiety, and sadness are experienced [4]. As illustrated in Fig. 1, the Ic is located deep within the lateral sulcus within each hemisphere of the brain in the region of the middle cerebral arteries (M
Data Loading...
