The Inverted Dual Plane Mastoplasty Technique
Aesthetic breast augmentation is usually performed in a retromammary plane (behind the breast parenchyma), when breast parenchyma is enough to cover the implant or in case of active sport patients, or in a retropectoral plane (behind pectoralis muscle and
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History of Cosmetic Surgery Melvin A. Shiffman
1.1
Introduction
In preparing a history of cosmetic surgery, it is, at times, difficult to separate reconstructive procedures from purely cosmetic procedures. “Cosmetic” (aesthetic) is beautifying surgery compared to “plastic” that is repair of a defect or deficit. Consider that reconstruction of the face is to “beautify” a distorted, abnormal appearing facial appearance. However, cosmetic (aesthetic) surgery is considered to be only to beautify and not to reconstruct to obtain beauty. Obviously, there is some overlap between the two. Sushruta lays down the basic principles of plastic surgery by advocating proper physiotherapy before the operation and describes various methods for different types of defects, such as release of the skin for covering small defects [1], rotation of the flaps to make up for the partial loss [2], and pedicle flaps for covering complete loss of skin from an area [3]. He mentioned various methods including sliding graft, rotation graft, and pedicle graft. He also described labioplasty. All the principles of surgery such as accuracy, precision, economy, hemostasis, and perfection find an important place in Sushruta’s writings on this subject. Tagliacozzi [4, 5] was considered by some to be the “Father of Plastic Surgery” even though his 47 pages of illustrations and guidelines to reconstructive surgery were published in 1597, but when he died 2 years later, his achievements died with him.
M.A. Shiffman Chair, Section of Surgery, Newport Specialty Hospital, Tustin, CA, USA e-mail: [email protected]
In 1792, Chopart [6] performed an operative procedure on a lip using a flap from the neck. The first American plastic surgeon was Mettauer, who, in 1827 [6], performed the first cleft palate operation with instruments that he designed himself. Joseph [7] performed an otoplasty that resulted in his loss of his job (that he had since 1892) in 1896 at the University Polyclinic in Orthopedic Surgery headed by Professor Julius Wolff. In World War I, Gillies [8] developed many of the techniques of modern surgery in caring for soldiers suffering from disfiguring facial injuries. When the United States entered World War I, Blair was chosen to lead physicians in the treatment of craniofacial injuries caused by trench warfare. As commander of the U.S. Army Corps of head and neck surgeons, Blair worked with assistant Ivy to set up teams of surgeons and dentists to treat complex jaw injuries using Blair’s 1912 book as the standard operating manual [9]. After the war, he formed one of the largest U.S. multidisciplinary teams for the care of complex maxillofacial injuries at Walter Reed Hospital. For these efforts, he was known as a leader in posttraumatic reconstruction. Blair contributed many outstanding clinical advances. Although other surgeons had performed reconstructive operations using the delay phenomenon, Blair first defined the “delay” process in 1921 [10]. The following year, Blair published a paper on “Reconstructive Surgery of the Face,” ba
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