The involvement of exosomes in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer
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REVIEW
Open Access
The involvement of exosomes in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer Abakundana Nsenga Ariston Gabriel1,2†, Fang Wang3†, Qinlian Jiao1,4, Umwali Yvette5,2, Xuemei Yang1, Samed Ahmed Al-Ameri1,2, Lutao Du1*, Yun-shan Wang1* and Chuanxin Wang1*
Abstract At the moment, pancreatic cancer is among the deadliest gastrointestinal diseases, and pancreatic cancer growth is a complex biological process that is based on different kinds of genes. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles containing microRNAs (miRNAs), messenger RNA (mRNA), and proteins, they act as the most prominent mediator of intercellular communication, and they regulate, instruct, and re-educate their surrounding microenvironment and target specific organs. Due to accumulative evidence proved that exosomes are involved in metastasis, cell proliferation, EMT, angiogenesis, and TME of pancreatic cancer, exosomes are crucial potential candidates to detect pancreatic cancer early. This review aims to convey the current understanding of the main functions employed by exosomes in early diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer. Keywords: Exosomes, Pancreatic cancer, Biomarker, Treatment
Introduction At the moment, pancreatic cancer is among the most deadly gastrointestinal cancerous diseases [1]. Pancreatic cancer symptoms are atypical, the development of the illness is too fast, and there are no sensitive early diagnostic biomarkers or proper clinical treatment [2]. Pancreatic cancer growth is a complex biological process that is based on different genes that are mutated [3]. PC is also a malignant disorder with poor prognosis, listed globally for the fourth fatal malignancy [4]. Statistically, in the United States, there are nearly 45,000 reported new cases recorded yearly, and 5-year survival rates over are less than 5% [5]. Even though researches have * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] † Abakundana Nsenga Ariston Gabriel and Fang Wang contributed equally to this work. 1 Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, People’s Republic of China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
achieved considerable advances in several aspects, especially genes, proteins, and cells, most of the PC malignant biological processes need to be explained at a very advanced level [6]. Many pancreatic cancer patients fail to present influential signs until they enter the stage of disease progression. Various studies reported some significant risk factors that may cause the development of pancreatic cancer. Some of those risk factors include smoking [7], family history of chronic pancreatitis [8], advancing age [9], male sex [10], diabetes mellitus [11], obesity [12], occupational exposures, African-American ethnic origin [13], a high-fat diet, diets high in meat and low in vegetables and folate [14], and possibly Helicobacter pylori infection [15]. Compared to many other cancer types, pancr
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