The Keys of Middle-earth Discovering Medieval Literature Through the
A comprehensive introduction to the medieval languages and texts that inspired Tolkien's Middle-earth. Using key episodes in The Silmarillion , The Hobbit , and The Lord of the Rings , medieval texts are presented in their original language with translati
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Also by Stuart Lee A COMPANION TO J. R. R. TOLKIEN
Also by Elizabeth Solopova and Stuart Lee KEY CONCEPTS IN MEDIEVAL LITERATURE
The Keys of Middle-earth Discovering Medieval Literature Through the Fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien 2nd edition Stuart Lee Reader, University of Oxford, UK
Elizabeth Solopova Research Fellow, University of Oxford, UK
© Stuart Lee and Elizabeth Solopova 2005, 2015 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 2nd edition 2015 978-1-137-45468-3 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First edition 2005 Second edition 2015 published by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.
ISBN 978-1-137-45469-0 DOI 10.1057/9781137454706
ISBN 978-1-137-45470-6 (eBook)
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lee, Stuart D. The keys of Middle-Earth : discovering medieval literature through the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien / Stuart Lee, Reader, University of Oxford, UK ; Elizabeth Solopova, Research Fellow, Oxford University, UK. — Second edition. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Tolkien, J. R. R. (John Ronald Reuel), 1892–1973—Criticism and interpretation. 2. Tolkien, J. R. R. (John Ronald Reuel), 1892–1973— Knowledge—Literature. 3. Literature, Medieval—Adaptations—History and criticism. 4. Fantasy fiction, English—History and criticism. 5. Literature, Medieval—Appreciation—England. 6. Middle Earth (Imaginary place) I. Solopova, Elizabeth. II. Title. PR6039.O32Z677 2015 2015013020 823 .912—dc23
For Sarah, Erin, Michael, and Anastasia
Contents
Acknowledgements
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