The knowns and unknowns of neural adaptations to resistance training
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INVITED REVIEW
The knowns and unknowns of neural adaptations to resistance training Jakob Škarabot1 · Callum G. Brownstein2 · Andrea Casolo3,4 · Alessandro Del Vecchio5 · Paul Ansdell6 Received: 18 August 2020 / Accepted: 18 November 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The initial increases in force production with resistance training are thought to be primarily underpinned by neural adaptations. This notion is firmly supported by evidence displaying motor unit adaptations following resistance training; however, the precise locus of neural adaptation remains elusive. The purpose of this review is to clarify and critically discuss the literature concerning the site(s) of putative neural adaptations to short-term resistance training. The proliferation of studies employing non-invasive stimulation techniques to investigate evoked responses have yielded variable results, but generally support the notion that resistance training alters intracortical inhibition. Nevertheless, methodological inconsistencies and the limitations of techniques, e.g. limited relation to behavioural outcomes and the inability to measure volitional muscle activity, preclude firm conclusions. Much of the literature has focused on the corticospinal tract; however, preliminary research in non-human primates suggests reticulospinal tract is a potential substrate for neural adaptations to resistance training, though human data is lacking due to methodological constraints. Recent advances in technology have provided substantial evidence of adaptations within a large motor unit population following resistance training. However, their activity represents the transformation of afferent and efferent inputs, making it challenging to establish the source of adaptation. Whilst much has been learned about the nature of neural adaptations to resistance training, the puzzle remains to be solved. Additional analyses of motoneuron firing during different training regimes or coupling with other methodologies (e.g., electroencephalography) may facilitate the estimation of the site(s) of neural adaptations to resistance training in the future. Keywords Descending tracts · High-density surface electromyography · Motor cortex · Motor neuron · Strength · Synaptic input · Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Communicated by Michael Lindinger. * Paul Ansdell [email protected] 1
School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
2
Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Université Lyon, Saint‑Étienne, France
3
Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
4
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
5
Department of Artificial Intelligence and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen-Nurnberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
6
Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST,
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