The Language Grid Service-Oriented Collective Intelligence for Langu

There is increasing interaction among communities with multiple languages, thus we need services that can effectively support multilingual communication. The Language Grid is an initiative to build an infrastructure that allows end users to create composi

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Editorial Board: A. Bundy J. G. Carbonell M. Pinkal H. Uszkoreit M. Veloso W. Wahlster M. J. Wooldridge

Advisory Board: Luigia Carlucci Aiello Franz Baader Wolfgang Bibel Leonard Bolc Craig Boutilier Ron Brachman Bruce G. Buchanan Anthony Cohn Artur d’Avila Garcez Luis Fari˜nas del Cerro Koichi Furukawa Georg Gottlob Patrick J. Hayes James A. Hendler Anthony Jameson Nick Jennings Aravind K. Joshi Hans Kamp Martin Kay Hiroaki Kitano Robert Kowalski Sarit Kraus Maurizio Lenzerini Hector Levesque John Lloyd

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Toru Ishida Editor

The Language Grid Service-Oriented Collective Intelligence for Language Resource Interoperability

Editor Prof. Toru Ishida Department of Social Informatics Kyoto University Yoshida-Honmachi 606-8501 Kyoto Japan [email protected]

Managing Editors Prof. Dov M. Gabbay Augustus De Morgan Professor of Logic Department of Computer Science King’s College London Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK

Prof. Dr. J¨org Siekmann Forschungsbereich Deduktions- und Multiagentensysteme, DFKI Stuhlsatzenweg 3, Geb. 43 66123 Saarbr¨ucken, Germany

Cognitive Technologies ISSN 1611-2482 ISBN 978-3-642-21177-5 e-ISBN 978-3-642-21178-2 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-21178-2 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011934512 ACM Codes: I.2.7, J.5, H.3 c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011  This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

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Preface The idea of the Language Grid was born from the long term research initiative of intercultural collaboration in Kyoto University as follows. The concept of intercultural collaboration was invented after 9.11 in 2001 to establish the practical research goal of cross-cultural study: measuring the progress made in this study is feasibl