The Light of Nature Essays in the History and Philosophy of Science

This volume of essays is meant as a tribute to Alistair Crombie by some of those who have studied with him. The occasion of its publication is his seven­ tieth birthday - 4 November 1985. Its contents are a reflection - or so it is hoped - of his own inte

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ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES D'HISTOIRE DES IDEES INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF THE HISTORY OF IDEAS

110

THE LIGHT OF NATURE

Essays in the History and Philosophy of Science presented to A.C. Crombie Edited by 1.D. NORTH and 1.1. ROCHE

Directors: P. Dibon (Paris) and R. Popkin (Washington Univ., St. Louis) Editorial Board: J.F. Battail (Uppsala); F. Duchesneau (Montreal); T. Gregory (Rome); J .D. North (Groningen); M. J. Petry (Rotterdam); Ch. B. Schmitt (Warburg Inst., London). Advisory Editorial Board: J. Aubin (Paris); J. Collins (St. Louis Univ.); P. Costabel (Paris); A. Crombie (Oxford); H. de la Fontaine Verwey (Amsterdam); H. Gadamer (Heidelberg); H. Gouhier (Paris); K. Hanada (Hokkaido University); W. Kirsop (Melbourne); P.O. Kristeller (Columbia Univ.); Elisabeth Labrousse (Paris); A. Lossky (Los Angeles); J. Malarczyk (Lublin); E. de Olaso (C.I.F. Buenos Aires); J. Orcibal (Paris); Wolfgang ROd (Munchen); J. Roger (Paris); G. Rousseau (Los Angeles); H. Rowen (Rutgers uuiv., N.J.); J.P. Schobinger (Zurich); G. Sebba (Emory Univ., Atlanta); R. Shackleton (Oxford); J. Tans (Groningen).

THE LIGHT OF NATURE Essays in the History and Philosophy of Science presented to A.C. Crombie

Edited by

J.D. NORTH and J.J. ROCHE

1985

MARTIN US NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS .....

a member of the KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP , .

DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LANCASTER

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Distributors

for the United States and Canada: Kluwer A cademic Publishers, 190 Old Derby Street , Hingham, MA 02043, USA for the UK and Ireland: Kluwer Academic Publishers, MTP Press Limited, Falcon House, Queen Square, Lancaster LAI IRN, UK for all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publi shers Group, Distribution Center, P .O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht , The Netherla nds

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publicalion Data lIaln e ntry under title' The Li ght of natur e . {Int e rnational archlv u of the hIstory of {dul , 110) Blbllography, p. I. Sclence--Klltory __ Ad d re u u, u u y' , hetHU. 2. Schnce--Phtlolophy __ Addreuu , es .. ys, l ec tures. ). Crombie, A. C. (Alistair C._roon), 19 D_ I. North, John Dlvld. II. Roch e, J. J. Ill. Cr","ble, A. C. ( Al istair Cam.ron), 19n_ IV. Serlu, Archlv u Intern.elonalu d'hiotoln des Idees; 110. QIH.).Ln 1995 ~09 85_ 71 8 2

ISBN-I3: 978-94-01 0-8763-6 DOl: 10.10071978-94-009-5 11 9-8

e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009·5119·8

Copyright

© 1985 by Martinus Ni jhoff Publishers, Dordrecht. Softcover r eprint of the hardcover 1stedition 1985 All rights reserved. No part o f this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in a ny form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers. Martinus Nijhoff Publis hers, P.O . Box 613, 3300 AD Dordrecht , The Net herlands.

Photo: Gabriel A. Cooney

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction ................................................. .

PART ONE: MEDICINE AND THE LIFE SCIENCES 1. A.Z. Iskandar - Development of Medical Education among the

Arabic-speaking Peoples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .