The Logic of Metaphor Analogous Parts of Possible Worlds
1. Metaphors and Logic Metaphors are among the most vigorous offspring of the creative mind; but their vitality springs from the fact that they are logical organisms in the ecology of l- guage. I aim to use logical techniques to analyze the meanings of me
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SYNTHESE LIBRARY STUDIES IN EPISTEMOLOGY, LOGIC, METHODOLOGY, AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
Managing Editor:
JAAKKO HINTIKKA, Boston University Editors: DIRK VAN DALEN, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands DONALD DAVIDSON, University of California, Berkeley THEO A.F. KUIPERS, University of Groningen, The Netherlands PATRICK SUPPES, Stanford University, California JAN WOLENSKI, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
VOLUME 299
ERIC CHARLES STEINHART
William Paterson University of New Jersey, Wayne, New Jersey, U.S.A.
THE LOGIC OF METAPHOR Analogous Parts of Possible Worlds
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Springer-Science+Business Media, B.Y.
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is availa ble from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-90-481-5712-9 ISBN 978-94-015-9654-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-015-9654-1
Printed on acid-fr ee pap er
All Right s Reserved
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally publ ished by Kluwer Academ ic Publishers in 200 1. Softcover reprint of the hardcover Ist editio n 200 I No part of the materi al protected by this copyright notice may be reprodu ced or utilized in any form or by any mean s, electron ic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written perm ission from the copyright owner.
Contents Acknowledgements
vii
1. Introduction
1. Me taphors and Logic 2. Metaphor and Possible Worlds Semantics 3. Analogical Counterparts 4. Theory-Consti tutive Metaphors 5 . Analyzing Metaphors 6 . Philosophical Applica tion of the Computer Appendix 1.1: Sample Metaphorical Texts Appendix 1.2: Analogical Inferences to Existence
2.
L anguage
-
1
:
1 2 5 8 12 18 22 24
27
1. Introdu cti on 2. La ng ua ges 3. The Grammar of Metaphor 4. Pr op osition s 5. Propositions as Networks 6. Conclusion Appe ndix 2.1: Semantics
27 27 .30 .36 .41 .45 50
3. Conceptual Structures
59
4. Analogy
81
I. Introdu ction 2. The Network of Concepts 3. The Taxonomic Hierarchy of Types 4. The Mereological Hierarchy of Types 5. Taxonomic Hierarchy of Processes 6. Contrastive Structures 7. Symmetries in Networks 8. Rules and Lexical Entailments 9. Co nce pt ual Field s 10. Conclusion Appendix 3.1: Sample Descriptions
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
In trodu cti on Towards a Formal Theory of Analogy The Stages of Analogical Inference Analogical Access Analog Retrieval by Constraint Satisfaction The Access Phase in NETMET Analogical Mapping Analogical Mapping by Constraint Satisfaction Difficulties with Proportional Analogy Rules for Analogical Mapping Conclusion
v
59 59 60 61 62 63 65 66 67 70 74
81 82 84 84 85 89 93 95 99 100 108
Vi
5. Analogical Transference
115
6. Metaphorical Communication
141
7. Analogy and Truth
161
1. Introduction 2. Analogical Transference 3. Subsymbolic Analogical Transference 4. An Extended Example of Analogical Transference 5. Rules for Analogical Tran sference 6. Analogical Transference and Induction 7. Perfect Analogies 8. Self-Mirroring Universes 9. Conclusion Appendix 5.1: Examples of Analogic
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