The Mass Deportation of Poles to Siberia, 1863-1880
This book concerns the mass deportation of Poles and others to Siberia following the failed 1863 Polish Insurrection. The imperial Russian government fell back upon using exile to punish the insurrectionists and to cleanse Russia’s Western Provinces of et
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The Mass Deportation of Poles to Siberia, 1863–1880
Andrew A. Gentes
The Mass Deportation of Poles to Siberia, 1863–1880
Andrew A. Gentes Alstead, NH, USA
ISBN 978-3-319-60957-7 ISBN 978-3-319-60958-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-60958-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017944565 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover image: © A. Sochaczewski, Farewell, Europe! [detail], 1894, MW collection/ Independence Museum, Warsaw Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
For Dinah
PREFACE
The uprising began in Warsaw on January 22 (January 10 o.s.)‚ 1863 and soon spread to disaffected elements throughout the Kingdom of Poland and the so-called Western Provinces—the latter a region roughly equivalent to modern-day Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine. During the two years prior to the January Uprising, patriotic demonstrations rocked the region. In October 1861, the Russian viceroy of Poland declared martial law. He banned public gatherings and issued arrest warrants for certain leaders. The vast majority of insurrectionists were ethnic Poles. Fighting alongside them were much smaller numbers of Lithuanian peasants and members of other ethnic groups. Most hailed from the petty nobility (i.e., the Polish szlachta) or town estates, though peasants and wealthy estate owners also accounted for a significant portion of the insurrectionists. Jews, who mostly lived in the Western Provinces, played a small role in the January Uprising, in contrast to their role in the uprising of 1830–1831. In 1862, Alexander II considerably broadened the rights of Poland’s Jews (though not for Jews living in the W
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