The mass, fake news, and cognition security
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The mass, fake news, and cognition security Bin GUO
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, Yasan DING1 , Yueheng SUN2 , Shuai MA3 , Ke LI1 , Zhiwen YU1
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School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China 2 School of Cyber Security, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China 3 School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
c Higher Education Press 2020
Abstract The widespread fake news in social networks is posing threats to social stability, economic development, and political democracy, etc. Numerous studies have explored the effective detection approaches of online fake news, while few works study the intrinsic propagation and cognition mechanisms of fake news. Since the development of cognitive science paves a promising way for the prevention of fake news, we present a new research area called Cognition Security (CogSec), which studies the potential impacts of fake news on human cognition, ranging from misperception, untrusted knowledge acquisition, targeted opinion/attitude formation, to biased decision making, and investigates the effective ways for fake news debunking. CogSec is a multidisciplinary research field that leverages the knowledge from social science, psychology, cognition science, neuroscience, AI and computer science. We first propose related definitions to characterize CogSec and review the literature history. We further investigate the key research challenges and techniques of CogSec, including humancontent cognition mechanism, social influence and opinion diffusion, fake news detection, and malicious bot detection. Finally, we summarize the open issues and future research directions, such as the cognition mechanism of fake news, influence maximization of fact-checking information, early detection of fake news, fast refutation of fake news, and so on. Keywords cyberspace, cognition security, fake news, crowd computing, human-content interaction
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Introduction
The rapid popularization and development of social networks have created a direct path from content producers to consumers, changing the way users access information, debate, and form their opinions. Instead of receiving news from traditional mechanisms, such as news broadcasting or daily news programs, people are turning to social media platforms that expose themselves to a broader range of opinions and statements about daily issues. The growth of social media has changed patterns of information consumption deliberately and incidentally, and social media platforms have become a major source of news diffusion, such as Facebook, Twitter and YouTube. Although social Received July 16, 2019; accepted January 14, 2020 E-mail: [email protected]
networks have accelerated the dissemination of information and promoted the communication of people, contemporary social media platforms have gradually become the hotbed of spreading fake news due to their low cost, easy access, and high anonymity. Besides, the existence of social bots, botnets, and trolls hasalso been a severe problem on social media platfo
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