The migratory records of the Eastern Kingbird ( Tyrannus tyrannus ) in the arid ecosystems of western South America
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
The migratory records of the Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus) in the arid ecosystems of western South America Luis E. Pollack-Velásquez 1,2
&
Armando Ugaz 2,3 & Luis Martin Vallejos, 2,4,5 & Irwing S. Saldaña 2,6
Received: 14 March 2020 / Revised: 2 August 2020 / Accepted: 12 August 2020 # Sociedade Brasileira de Ornitologia 2020
Abstract The Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus) is an American boreal migratory bird that arrives in the lowlands of the eastern slope of the Andes in South America during its non-breeding season. However, there are some historical migratory records of this species on the western slope of the Andes, but the information is poor and scattered. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of the migratory patterns of the Eastern Kingbird, giving more attention to the migratory route throughout the arid ecosystems in western Peru and Chile. We modeled monthly density heatmaps and evaluated the annual migratory movements of the bird in the southern hemisphere using the records available in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility repository. We found that the species frequents the arid ecosystems of western South America often than previously published. We recognized that the species follows the same pattern of migration in both the western and eastern humid areas South America; nevertheless, we identified that the species is present year-round in northern South America, mainly in Colombia, with some records during the breeding season (April–August) in Peru and Chile. We strongly recommend the use of citizen science datasets to elucidate the migratory patterns of other boreal migratory bird species. Keywords Atacama Desert . Boreal migration . Elevational migration . Green areas . Reverse migration . Sechura Desert
Introduction The Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus) is an American boreal migratory bird belonging to the Tyrannidae family, Tyranni suborder, Passeriformes order. It is the most widespread black-and-white species of the genus Communicated by: Cristiano S. Azevedo * Luis E. Pollack-Velásquez [email protected] 1
Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Trujillo, Peru
2
Maria Koepcke Lab of Ornithology, Centro de Investigación en Biología Tropical y Conservación – CINBIOTYC, Piura, Peru
3
Universidad Nacional de Piura, Piura, Peru
4
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia. Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
5
Laboratorio de Ecologia de Aves. IBRAG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
6
División de Investigación, Instituto de Ciencias Antonio Brack, Lima, Peru
Tyrannus, and it differs from others because of a series of specific morphological features. The plumage of its head is entirely black (gray in Tyrannus dominicensis), has a relatively short tail (longer in Tyrannus savana), a thin beak (thicker in Tyrannus cubensis), and a slightly white coloration in the wing coverts and primary feathers (whiter in Tyrannus caudifasciatus). A
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