The multiple process model of goal-directed aiming/reaching: insights on limb control from various special populations
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The multiple process model of goal‑directed aiming/reaching: insights on limb control from various special populations Digby Elliott1,2 · James Lyons1 · Spencer J. Hayes3 · James J. Burkitt4 · Steve Hansen5 · Lawrence E. M. Grierson1,6 · Nathan C. Foster7 · James W. Roberts2 · Simon J. Bennett2 Received: 30 August 2019 / Accepted: 8 October 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Several years ago, our research group forwarded a model of goal-directed reaching and aiming that describes the processes involved in the optimization of speed, accuracy, and energy expenditure Elliott et al. (Psychol Bull 136:1023–1044, 2010). One of the main features of the model is the distinction between early impulse control, which is based on a comparison of expected to perceived sensory consequences, and late limb-target control that involves a spatial comparison of limb and target position. Our model also emphasizes the importance of strategic behaviors that limit the opportunity for worst-case or inefficient outcomes. In the 2010 paper, we included a section on how our model can be used to understand atypical aiming/ reaching movements in a number of special populations. In light of a recent empirical and theoretical update of our model Elliott et al. (Neurosci Biobehav Rev 72:95-110, 2017), here we consider contemporary motor control work involving typical aging, Down syndrome, autism spectrum disorder, and tetraplegia with tendon-transfer surgery. We outline how atypical limb control can be viewed within the context of the multiple-process model of goal-directed reaching and aiming, and discuss the underlying perceptual-motor impairment that results in the adaptive solution developed by the specific group. Keywords Limb control · Speed-accuracy · Aging · Autism · Down syndrome · Tetraplegia
Preamble
Communicated by Patrick Haggard. * Digby Elliott [email protected] 1
Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
2
Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
3
Department of Psychology and Human Development, University College London, London, UK
4
Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada
5
School of Physical and Health Education, Nipissing University, North Bay, ON, Canada
6
Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
7
Cognition, Motion and Neuroscience Unit, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
In 2010, our group published a theoretical paper in which we introduced a new model of the optimization of limb control in speeded goal-directed aiming and reaching (Elliott et al. 2010). The model draws heavily on Woodworth’s (1899) two-component description of limb control, as well as the optimized sub-movement model (Meyer et al. 1988). Central to our model is an important distinction between what we term “impulse control” and “limb-target control”. Following Woodworth (1899) and Meyer et al. (1988), limb-target control involves a discrete corre
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