The Palgrave Dictionary of Transnational History From the mid-19th c
Written and edited by many of the world's foremost scholars of transnational history, this Dictionary challenges readers to look at the contemporary world in a new light. Contains over 400 entries on transnational subjects such as food, migration and reli
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THE PALGRAVE DICTIONARY OF TRANSNATIONAL HISTORY Edited by Akira Iriye Harvard University, USA
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Pierre-Yves Saunier Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France
pa grave
macmillan
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© Macmillan Publishers Ltd 2009 Softcover re print of the hardcover 1st edition 2009 978-1-4039-9295-6 AU rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-1 O Kirby Street, London EC 1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The editors have asserted their rights to be identified as the editors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2009 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St. Martin's Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-74032-1 ISBN 978-1-349-74030-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-74030-7 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09
Contents Editorial Board List of Contributors Introduction Acknowledgements Notes for the Reader List of Acronyms Tree Diagrams List of Entries Entries
Namelndex Subject Index
vi vii xvii xxi xxiii XXV
xxvi xxxvii 1
1153 1197
Editorial Board General Editors Akira lriye
Harvard University, USA Pierre-Yves Saunier
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France
Associate Editors jane Carruthers
Mariano Plotkin
University of South Africa, South Africa
Instituto de Desarrollo Econ6mico y Social, Argentina
Donna Gabaccia University of Minnesota, USA
Rana Mitter University of Oxford, UK
Patrick Verley Universite de Geneve, Switzerland
List of Contributors Monia Abdallah Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, France
Christopher Balme Institut fur Theaterwissenschaft, Germany
Phina Geraldine Abir-Am Brandeis University, USA
Greg Bankoff University of Huli, UK
ThomasAdam University o
