The pharmacological management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease involves a stepwise approach
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The pharmacological management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease involves a stepwise approach Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a slow, progressive deterioration of lung function that is primarily exacerbated by cigarette smoking. As with other respiratory disorders, COPD is treated in a stepwise manner depending on symptom severity as measured using spirometry and other lung function tests. Upon diagnosis of the disease, patients are advised to stop smoking and drug therapy is implemented. Bronchodilators (including β2-agonists, anticholinergics and theophylline) are the first line of treatment of COPD, and clinical studies suggest that particular agents can improve lung function, exercise scores and quality of life. Therapy with more than one concurrent bronchodilator has demonstrated additional benefits. Only patients who have responded to a formal corticosteroid trial should receive long-term inhaled corticosteroids. Long-term oxygen therapy and pulmonary rehabilitation may benefit certain patients.
Every cigarette is doing you damage A progressive disease of the respiratory system, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by a chronic airflow limitation, and is associated with severe bronchitis and/or emphysema. Cigarette smoking is the major risk factor for developing COPD. The disease affects more than 52 million people worldwide (mostly lower socioeconomic groups),[1] approximately 5% of whom are nonsmokers.[2] In general, 15–25% of heavy smokers develop severe, disabling COPD, although the development of the disease may also be l
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