The Physics of Metrology All about Instruments: From Trundle Wheels
Conceived as a reference manual for practicing engineers, instrument designers, service technicians and engineering students. The related fields of physics, mechanics and mathematics are frequently incorporated to enhance the understanding of the subject
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Alexius J. Hebra
The Physics of Metrology
All about Instruments: From Trundle Wheels to Atomic Clocks
SpringerWienNewYork
Professor Alexius J. Hebra Charleston, SC USA
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machines or similar means, and storage in data banks. Product Liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for all the information contained in this book. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Ó 2010 Springer-Verlag=Wien Printed in Germany SpringerWienNewYork is a part of Springer Science þ Business Media springer.at Typesetting: Thomson Press (India) Ltd., Chennai, India Printing and binding: Strauss GmbH, 69509 Mo¨rlenbach, Germany Printed on acid-free and chlorine-free bleached paper SPIN: 12206773 With 226 Figures
Library of Congress Control Number: 2009935065
ISBN 978-3-211-78380-1 SpringerWienNewYork
Acknowledgements Had Pheidippides, ancient epitome of the self sacrificing herald, died of exhaustion before he could utter his famous words “We have won!” in front of Athens elected archon, the message would have faded before its echoes had a chance to change history. Three little words deciding the outcome of a game of “all or nothing” much like a book’s publication sounds the author’s message to the world rather than let it fade away unheard. Which brings to mind those whose criterion and diligence made that the message on the pages of this book doesn’t rest there forever, but got off to reach the minds of those concerned. And herewith go my heartfelt thanks to those at SpringerWienNewYork who dedicated their time and efforts to help my writing to overcome that threshold, in particular Mr. Stephen Soehnlen, Editor Natural Sciences, and Mr. Edwin W. Schwarz, Project Management. Within my personal sphere my thanks go to my son in law, David Lench, for helping me with his professional knowledge and experience in hammering out my publishing contract with Springer; and likewise to all those who put up with my work related eccentricities and offered their support and input whenever asked for: My wife Gerda von Hebra and our daughter Renata von Hebra Lench, who both helped in reading proof pages and offered valuable comments on engaging and readability of my text. My sons Alexandre and Andre, and my grandchildren Daniel, Julie, and Ashley Lench; Melissa von Hebra; and Alexander and Andre von Hebra, whose patience used to be unduly strained by the priorities I extended to my work. Thanks also to Mr. Scott Orlosky, Marketing Manager at BEI Industrial Encoder Division, for his valuable explanations on incremental and absolute encoders as well as the related binary and Gray code conversions. And last but not least, I than
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