The Pitfalls of Liberal Democracy and Late Nationalism in South Africa

This book compares African and Afrikaner nationalisms to demonstrate that the transition from apartheid to liberal democracy in South Africa was a neo-colonial settlement that left the economy and the military and security sectors under the control of the

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The Pitfalls of Liberal Democracy and Late Nationalism in South Africa Mueni wa Muiu

THE PITFALLS OF LIBERAL DEMOCRACY AND LATE NATIONALISM IN SOUTH AFRICA

Copyright © Mueni wa Muiu, 2008. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2008 978-0-230-60815-3 All rights reserved. First published in 2008 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.

ISBN 978-1-349-37488-5 DOI 10.1057/9780230617278

ISBN 978-0-230-61727-8 (eBook)

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Muiu, Mueni wa. The pitfalls of liberal democracy and late nationalism in South Africa / Mueni wa Muiu. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. South Africa-Politics and government. 2. South Africa-Race relations. 3. Blacks-South Africa-Politics and government. 4. Afrikaners-South Africa-Politics and government. 5. Apartheid-South Africa-History. 6. Liberalism-South Africa-History. 7. Democracy-South Africa-History. 8. Nationalism-South Africa-History. 9. Social change-South AfricaHistory. 10. South Africa-Economic conditions. I. Title. DT1798.M85 2008 320.540968–dc22 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Scribe Inc. First edition: December 2008 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

2008017290

My loves: Muiu wa Muvya, Yoeli wa Muiu, Munyiva wa Muvya, Sosu wa Muiu, Katungwa wa Kisilu, Mwakudua wa Mwachofi, and Vilivu wa Muiu

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CONTENTS

Acknowledgments

ix

Abbreviations

xi

Key Terms Introduction

xiii 1

1

The African Imagined Community, 1867–1948

21

2

An Afrikaner Imagined Community, 1867–1948

47

3

The Impact of Apartheid on African and Afrikaner Nationalisms, 1948–1994

63

“Home” as Depicted in Selected African and Afrikaner Novels and Short Stories

89

4 5

Changes in South Africa’s Economy, 1976–1994

107

6

The Negotiations for a Democratic South Africa, 1990–1994

131

7

A Work in Progress: Social and Economic Policy Changes by the ANC, 1994–2006

151

Conclusion: South Africa: Toward Democracy and Development

179

Notes

189

Bibliography

219

Index

237

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

In writing this book many people helped me. Special thanks to Michael Nwanze and Robert Edgar. My deep gratitude to my sister Kalondu who provided me with a home in which I could work in peace and quiet. Without her this study would not have been possible. I am grateful to the staff of Winston Salem State University copy center. I