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Gang Chen

The Politics of Disaster Management in China

Gang Chen

The Politics of Disaster Management in China Institutions, Interest Groups, and Social Participation

Gang Chen National University of Singapore Singapore

ISBN 978-1-137-55711-7 ISBN 978-1-137-54831-3 DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-54831-3

(eBook)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016939226 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Nature America Inc. New York

To Lixi, Xinglin, Zilin and Tailin

CONTENTS

1

1

Introduction

2

Natural Disaster Management in Ancient China

11

3

From ROC to PRC: Modernization of China’s Disaster Management

23

The Reform Era: Institutional Changes and Evolution of Norms

35

5

Bureaucratic Politics at the Central Level

51

6

Central Versus Local

67

7

Military Forces in China’s Disaster Management

81

8

New Challenges from Popular Politics: NGOs, Commercial Organizations, Social Media, and Civic Society

93

4

vii

viii

9 10

CONTENTS

“Reform 2.0”: Progress and Limits

109

China’s Natural Disaster Management: Implications for Non-democratic Governancet

121

Index

133

LIST

Fig. 4.1 Fig. 4.2 Chart 6.1 Chart 6.2 Chart 6.3

OF

FIGURES

Death toll of natural disasters in China (2005–2013). Areas affected by floods in China (1000 hectares) (China Statistical Yearbook in various years) Inter-governments information flow and relief fund and resource distribution before decentralization Inter-governments information flow and relief fund and resource distribution after decentralization Application process for centrally-controlled relief materials in local reserve points (Sun 2004, p. 229)

40 43 72 73 75

ix

LIST

Table 1.1 Table 5.1

OF

TABLES

Deadliest natural disasters in China’s history (EM-DAT 2014; Time 2010) Components of the China National Committee for