The Politics of Disaster Management in China Institutions, Interest
In China’s 4,000-year-long history and modern development, natural disaster management has been about not only human combat against devastating natural forces, but also institutional building, political struggle, and economic interest redistribution among
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Gang Chen
The Politics of Disaster Management in China
Gang Chen
The Politics of Disaster Management in China Institutions, Interest Groups, and Social Participation
Gang Chen National University of Singapore Singapore
ISBN 978-1-137-55711-7 ISBN 978-1-137-54831-3 DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-54831-3
(eBook)
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016939226 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Nature America Inc. New York
To Lixi, Xinglin, Zilin and Tailin
CONTENTS
1
1
Introduction
2
Natural Disaster Management in Ancient China
11
3
From ROC to PRC: Modernization of China’s Disaster Management
23
The Reform Era: Institutional Changes and Evolution of Norms
35
5
Bureaucratic Politics at the Central Level
51
6
Central Versus Local
67
7
Military Forces in China’s Disaster Management
81
8
New Challenges from Popular Politics: NGOs, Commercial Organizations, Social Media, and Civic Society
93
4
vii
viii
9 10
CONTENTS
“Reform 2.0”: Progress and Limits
109
China’s Natural Disaster Management: Implications for Non-democratic Governancet
121
Index
133
LIST
Fig. 4.1 Fig. 4.2 Chart 6.1 Chart 6.2 Chart 6.3
OF
FIGURES
Death toll of natural disasters in China (2005–2013). Areas affected by floods in China (1000 hectares) (China Statistical Yearbook in various years) Inter-governments information flow and relief fund and resource distribution before decentralization Inter-governments information flow and relief fund and resource distribution after decentralization Application process for centrally-controlled relief materials in local reserve points (Sun 2004, p. 229)
40 43 72 73 75
ix
LIST
Table 1.1 Table 5.1
OF
TABLES
Deadliest natural disasters in China’s history (EM-DAT 2014; Time 2010) Components of the China National Committee for
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