The presence of microcystins in the coastal waters of Nigeria, from the Bights of Bonny and Benin, Gulf of Guinea
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
The presence of microcystins in the coastal waters of Nigeria, from the Bights of Bonny and Benin, Gulf of Guinea Medina O Kadiri 1 & Solomon Isagba 1 & Jeffrey U Ogbebor 1 & Osasere A. Omoruyi 1 & Timothy E. Unusiotame-Owolagba 1 & Adriana Sturion Lorenzi 2 & Maria do Carmo Bittencourt-Oliveira 2 & Mathias Ahii Chia 2,3 Received: 31 December 2019 / Accepted: 15 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Microcystins (MCs) are the most studied toxins of cyanobacteria in freshwater bodies worldwide. However, they are poorly documented in coastal waters in several parts of the world. In this study, we investigated the composition of cyanobacteria and the presence of microcystins (MCs) in several coastal aquatic ecosystems of Nigeria. Direct morphological analysis revealed that members of the genus Oscillatoria were dominant with five species, followed by Trichodesmium with two species in Nigerian coastal waters. Oso Ibanilo had the highest cyanobacterial biomass (998 × 103 cells/L), followed by Rivers Ocean (156 × 103 cells/L). Except for the Cross River Ocean, cyanobacteria were present in all the investigated aquatic ecosystems. Ten (10) out of twenty water bodies examined had detectable levels of MCs. Furthermore, genomic DNA analysis for the mcyE gene of microcystin synthetase (mcy) cluster showed identities higher than 86% (query coverage > 96%) with toxic strains of cyanobacteria in all the samples analyzed. Also, the sequences of samples matched those of uncultured cyanobacteria from recreational lakes in Southern Germany. Our findings indicate that the presence of toxic cyanobacteria in coastal waters of Nigeria is of public and environmental health concern. Keywords Early warming . mcyE gene . Microcystins . Peptide synthetase . Water monitoring
Abbreviations MCs Microcystins PCR Polymerase chain reaction NRPSs Nonribosomal peptide synthetases PKSs Polyketide synthases
Responsible Editor: Vitor Manuel Oliveira Vasconcelos Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09740-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Mathias Ahii Chia [email protected] 1
Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
2
Laboratory of Cyanobacteria, Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
3
Department of Botany, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
Introduction Cyanobacterial toxins are primarily biosynthesized and retained intracellularly, but in the event of cell lysis, death, decay, water turbulence, upwelling, and torrents, cellular toxins are released into water (Mankiewicz et al. 2003). As a result, the concentration of cyanotoxins in water becomes substantially high and deleterious to aquatic organisms and humans. Also, unpleasant odor, color, and taste are impacted on water, making it unfit and unattractive f
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