The Prostate Gland
Development and gross anatomical features Lobes and zones Microstructure and functional regulation Components of prostatic fluid Disorders of prostate gland
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The Prostate Gland Mona Sharma, Surabhi Gupta, Bodhana Dhole, and Anand Kumar
Learning Objectives
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2.1
Development and gross anatomical features Lobes and zones Microstructure and functional regulation Components of prostatic fluid Disorders of prostate gland
Introduction
The name ‘prostate’ is originally derived from a Greek word ‘prohistani’ (means ‘to stand in front of’). The prostate is the largest accessory sex gland of males. It is a musculo-glandular, exocrine gland that secretes alkaline fluid which constitutes about 20–30 % volume of the seminal fluid. Changes in the prostatic fluid composition and/or secretion affect sperm functions and may lead to male infertility. The gland is often associated with disorders of elderly, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and carcinoma.
M. Sharma, MD, DNB, MAMS (*) • S. Gupta, PhD • B. Dhole, PhD A. Kumar, MD, FAMS Department of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 A. Kumar, M. Sharma (eds.), Basics of Human Andrology, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-3695-8_2
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2.2
Development
The ventral division of cloaca which is the terminal part of hindgut, forms the urogenital sinus. During ninth–tenth week of development, the mesenchyme surrounding the urogenital sinus interact with endoderm of proximal part of urogenital sinus which later forms the proximal part of urethra. As a result of these interactions, the initial outgrowths arise from the lateral aspect of the endodermal tube. The outgrowths form the outer glandular zone of prostate. The subsequent outgrowths arise from its dorsal wall which forms the internal glandular zone. The outgrowths develop into five distinct groups of epithelial buds by the end of the 11th week and are completed by the 16th week. According to the classification given by Lowsley, five groups of epithelial buds give rise to five lobes, namely, the median, right and left lateral and posterior and anterior lobes (Lowsley 1912). These lobes of prostate gland are recognized till the 20th week of gestation. With an advance in gestational age, only three lobes are recognizable–two lateral lobes and a median lobe (Standring 2005). The epithelial buds branch and rebranch ending into complex ductal system that meets the differentiating mesenchymal cells (see Fig. 2.1a–e). The mesenchymal cells develop around the tubules by the 16th week and become denser at the periphery to form the prostatic capsule (Grayhack and Kozlowski 1996).
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Fig. 2.1 Development of prostate gland (a–e): the endodermal outgrowths from the prostatic urethra into the surrounding mesenchyme form the gland primordium which further proliferate and enlarges. 1 allantois, 2 urinary bladder, 3 ureter, 4 definitive urogenital sinus, 5 seminal vesicle, 6 pelvic part of urogenital sinus, 7 anorectal canal, 8 ductus deferens, 9 prostate, 10 penile urethra, 11 endodermal tube, 12 glandular outgrow
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