The Relationship Between the Types of Traumatic Events and Well-Being, Post-Traumatic Stress Levels and Gender Differenc
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ORIGINAL PAPER
The Relationship Between the Types of Traumatic Events and Well‑Being, Post‑Traumatic Stress Levels and Gender Differences in Syrian Patients: A Cross‑Sectional Controlled Study Ersin Uygun1,2 Accepted: 22 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This study aims to compare the types and frequency of traumatic events in Syrian patients. Additionally, the study investigates the relationship between the types of traumatic events and post-traumatic stress and mental well-being based on gender differences among the Syrians. Sociodemographic form, the Stressful Life Events Screening Questionnaire, the WHO-5 Well Being Index, and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised were administered to the Syrian volunteers (n = 207) and a control group. The total number of traumatic experiences were higher in the patient (study) group and men compared to the healthy control group and women. The most significant predictors of the variables for the level of traumatic symptoms were total number of traumatic experiences and having lived in a war zone. Traumatic stress symptoms may be associated with the number and continuity of traumatic events. The number of traumatic events in Syrians could be higher in males. Mental well-being is more associated with daily stress factors than traumatic experiences. Therefore, post-migratory risk and protective factors need to be investigated to comprehend PTSD. Keywords Gender · Refugee · Syrian · Trauma · Well-being · Stress
Introduction The armed conflict that has afflicted Syria since 2011 has resulted in a massive forced displacement of the Syrian population. In June 2018, there were approximately 5.6 million registered Syrian refugees [1]. Turkey now hosts 3.6 million Syrian refugees, the largest number of Syrian refugees worldwide [2]. Asylum seekers and refugees by definition are more likely than others to experience violence [3]. Many refugees have massive, multiple, prolonged, and unpredictable physical and psychological trauma continuing in refugee camps as well as countries of asylum [4]. Refugee-related or warrelated; potentially traumatic events (PTEs) are the types * Ersin Uygun [email protected] 1
Refugee Mental Health Outpatient Clinic, University of Health Sciences, Bakırköy Mental Health Training and Research Hospital, Doktor Tevfik Sağlam Street. 25/2, 34147 Bakirkoy/Istanbul, Turkey
Trauma and Disaster Mental Health Master Programme, Istanbul Bilgi University, Istanbul, Turkey
2
of pre-migratory risk factors that have been given the most attention in the literature, and many of these have also been shown to be strongly associated with mental health (especially with PTSD) [5–7]. Type and frequency of war-related trauma can vary based on factors such as gender, age, and characteristic of the conflict [3]. However, the negative effects of different traumatic events on mental health, potential post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, and treatment-purpose intervention methods can differentiate. This study
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