The Role and Promise of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Toxicology
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REVIEW
The Role and Promise of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Toxicology Michael A. Chary 1,2 & Alex F. Manini 3 & Edward W. Boyer 2 & Michele Burns 1 Received: 26 September 2019 / Revised: 3 February 2020 / Accepted: 5 March 2020 # American College of Medical Toxicology 2020
Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to machines or software that process information and interact with the world as understanding beings. Examples of AI in medicine include the automated reading of chest X-rays and the detection of heart dysrhythmias from wearables. A key promise of AI is its potential to apply logical reasoning at the scale of data too vast for the human mind to comprehend. This scaling up of logical reasoning may allow clinicians to bring the entire breadth of current medical knowledge to bear on each patient in real time. It may also unearth otherwise unreachable knowledge in the attempt to integrate knowledge and research across disciplines. In this review, we discuss two complementary aspects of artificial intelligence: deep learning and knowledge representation. Deep learning recognizes and predicts patterns. Knowledge representation structures and interprets those patterns or predictions. We frame this review around how deep learning and knowledge representation might expand the reach of Poison Control Centers and enhance syndromic surveillance from social media. Keywords Artificial intelligence . Machine learning . Knowledge representation . Big data
A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence We use the term artificial intelligence to refer to efforts to imbue inanimate objects with the ability to reason about the world. This theme of animating inanimate objects recurs throughout history. Hephaestus, the Greek god of fire and metallurgy, made Talos, a bronze sentry to guard Crete against unwanted visitors [1]. Talos, an early example of an intelligent firewall, interrogated visitors to Crete to judge whether they were expected. If not, Talos engulfed the visitor in flames. The Argonauts bypassed Talos by asking Medea to cloak them, just as computer viruses may hide in innocuous programs.
Supervising Editor: Michael Hodgman, MD * Michael A. Chary [email protected] 1
Harvard Medical Toxicology Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
2
Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
3
Department of Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
Giving inanimate objects the ability to reason about the world became more realistic when Blaise Pascal implemented an early calculator, at its core an elaborate clock, in 1642 [1, 2]. Pascal’s machine, like Charles Babbage’s difference engine 130 years later, could only perform one calculation and was not reprogrammable. In 1808, Joseph-Marie Jacquard described the first reprogrammable machine, the Jacquard loom, which could be directed with punch cards to weave different patterns on textiles [3]. In 1879, Gottlieb Frege described
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