The Role of Universities in Building Dense Triple Helix Ecosystems in Sparse Regional Environments
University-industry-government relationships driving regional innovation are often discussed by using the shorthand of the ‘triple helix’, referring to any arena where these partners come together. This rapid expansion of the idea’s use risks it becoming
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ct University-industry-government relationships driving regional innovation are often discussed by using the shorthand of the ‘triple helix’, referring to any arena where these partners come together. This rapid expansion of the idea’s use risks it becoming a ‘policy concept’ whilst potential tensions of collaboration can be ignored. Instead of ‘happy family stories’ of well-functioning regional partnerships, we seek to explore how triple helix mechanisms may stimulate regional innovation systems in places that have traditionally not had a long history of collaboration. Whilst universities are often dominant drivers of innovation in these ‘sparse’ regional innovation ecosystems, they may not be fit to respond to the identified regional needs. We address this by using empirics from five regions with relatively sparse triple helix environments and present evidence on the ways in which the universities have sought to play the role of tertius gaudens—honest broker—helping to address the stalemates that emerge between partners with very different goals, norms, values and intentions around regional innovation. We identified several processes through which universities can play this role and thereby contribute to densifying sparse innovation environments, increasing agglomeration and diversity whilst helping to address the tensions and problems that densification brings. Keywords Regional innovation systems · Peripheral regions · Entrepreneurial universities · University regional engagement · Innovation barriers · Institutional diversity M. Salomaa (*) Lincoln International Business School, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK e-mail: [email protected] L. Fonseca Department of Social, Political and Territorial Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal L. Nieth Center for Higher Education Policy Studies, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands P. Benneworth Høgskulen på Vestlandet, Bergen, Norway © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 L. Farinha et al. (eds.), Regional Helix Ecosystems and Sustainable Growth, Studies on Entrepreneurship, Structural Change and Industrial Dynamics, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47697-7_2
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1 Introduction It has become increasingly common to talk about university-industry-government relationships stimulating innovation using the shorthand of the ‘triple helix’. In Europe, the terminology has been used to refer to any arena where these partners come together to stimulate better cooperations. But the rapid expansion of the idea’s use risks it becoming a ‘policy concept’ (Böhme & Gløersen, 2011), something that creates consensus by hiding disagreement. In effect, triple helix collaborations are agreed to be good despite different visions of what constitute good relationships and specifically obscuring tensions in arising collaborations between public, private and civil society partners. In the original triple helix model (THM) of Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff (2000), the underlying mechanism was the tertius gaudens, the honest third party, helping to
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