The Social Ecology of Crime
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Research in Criminology
Understanding and Controlling Crime: Toward A New Research Strategy D.P. Farrington, L.E. Ohlin and J.Q. Wilson The Social Ecology of Crime J.M. Byrne and R.J. Sampson (Eds.) The Reasoning Criminal: Rational Choice Perspectives on Offending D.B. Cornish and R.V. Clarke (Eds.)
The Social Ecology of Crime Edited by James M. Byrne Robert J. Sampson
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
James M. Byrne Department of Criminal Justice, Center for Criminal Justice Research, University of Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, U.S.A Robert J. Sampson Department of Sociology, University of 111inois, Urbana, 111inois 61801, U.S.A
Series Editors Alfred Blumstein Department of Public Affairs, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, U.S.A David P. Farrington Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 9DT, United Kingdom
With 6 Figures Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: The Social ecology of crime. (Research in criminology) Bibliography: p. lncludes index. l. Crime and criminals-United States-Addresses, essays, lectures. 2. Human ecology-United StatesAddresses, essays, lectures. 1. Byrne, James M. Il. Sampson, Robert J. III. Series. HV6789.S62 1986 364.042'0973 85-27823 © 1986 by Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally pub1ished by Springer-Verlag New York Inc. in 1986 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1986
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form without written permission from Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc. in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Typeset by Ampersand Publisher Services, Inc., Rutland, Vermont. 9 8 7 6 54 3 2 1
ISBN 978-1-4613-8608-7 ISBN 978-1-4613-8606-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4613-8606-3
Preface
In this volume we present a series of research papers broadly concerned with the social ecology of crime and delinquency. The theme is the search for the underlying social causes of phenomena such as criminal victimization, delinquency, violent and property crime, neighborhood fear, neighborhood deterioration, and recidivism. We have selected research by authors who are concerned with both social-structural (e.g., age, sex, race, and family composition) and ecological (e.g., size, density, crowding, etc.) characteristics of aggregates (e.g., neighborhoods, cities) as important units of analysis in their own right. We also include studies which attempt to measure the contextual effects of aggregate characteristics on individual behavior. The authors of these chapters have raisedand attempted to answer-a number of intriguing questions about neighborhoods, cities, and crime: 1. Does analysis of previously ignored elements of neighborhood structure (such as family disruption and guard
